Tuberculosis And Its Effects On The Lungs Essay - 1097 Words

Description March 24, 1882 was a very special day that started the evolutional study of Tuberculosis. A German physician and scientist named Robert Koch was the first to publish work on tubercle bacillus. In 1890, Koch isolated a substance from tubercle bacillus that could render harmless pathogenic bacteria. After his findings, he created an injection, which he later called tuberculin. Koch injected himself with the concentrated tuberculin. While observing himself he found that the bacteria violently attacks the body and raised the body’s temperature. Because of his findings, other scientist could take a lead in the study and could other research with this bacteria m. tuberculosis (Daniel, 2006). Tuberculosis is a disease derived from a bacterium called Mycobacterium. Microorganism such as mycobacteria are participates in nature’s recycling program. The wall of the membrane of the bacterium contains abnormally high levels of lipids but since M.tuberculosis lacks an outer membrane so it’s classified as both gram positives and gram negative. There are two types of tuberculosis infections pulmonary and extra-pulmonary. Pulmonary tuberculosis affects the lungs. Extra-pulmonary affects different parts of the body except the lungs. Since tuberculosis is an airborne so many can get it from shaking hands or touching public objects. Significance Tuberculosis is known as a global epidemic. According to WHO (World Health Organization), on March 22, 2006, reported that three of theShow MoreRelatedPulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) Infection1307 Words   |  5 PagesTuberculosis is a contagious disease caused by a bacterial infection. Around 40% of people who have active TB disease have the infection in another part of their body. It can affect several organs of the human body, including the lymph glands, brain, spine, kidneys, or other organ, but it predominately establishes itself in the lungs where it is called Pulmonary TB. Researchers have calculated that in 2012, 8.6 million people fell ill with TB and 1.3 million died from TB. â€Å"Tuberculosis is secondRead MoreThe History of Tuberculosis1066 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Tuberculosis also known as ‘Tuber Bacillus’ is a deadly, infectious disease which primarily impacts on the lungs which is called pulmonary TB. TB can also impact on the other parts of the body including the Brain, kidneys and bones which is called non – pulmonary TB. The disease of TB is caused in humans mainly from a bacterium called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis was first described by Robert Koch as unusual with waxy coating on its cell surface. TB can alsoRead MoreTuberculosis : Symptoms And Symptoms, Diagnosis / Prognosis, And Diagnosis1248 Words   |  5 Pagesattack in the air. The attack in the air is called Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis, known as TB, is caused by a bacteria called mycobacterium tuberculosis, according to the Center for Disease Control. TB is an infectious disease that is spread through the air from one person to another person, close contact with a person with active TB would cause a risk for infection. The risk come s from microscopic droplets that released in the air by an infected tuberculosis patient that coughs, sneezes, spits, or laughsRead MoreTuberculosis : A Long And Thin Acid Fast Rod1267 Words   |  6 PagesTuberculosis is often called â€Å"TB.† It spreads when people who have active TB in their lungs cough or sneeze and the droplets come in contact with another person. TB is one of the leading causes of death. This usually results in about 1.8 billion people a year becoming infected with the bacterial disease. Myobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of tuberculosis in most patients. It is a long and thin acid-fast rod. It is a strict aerobe and is not referred to as a gram-positive or gram-negative becauseRead MoreTuberculosis Is A Chronic Necrotizing Granulomatous Disease And Infection Caused By The Acid Fast Bacillus1135 Words   |  5 PagesDefinition: Tuberculosis is a chronic necrotizing granulomatous disease/ infection caused by the acid-fast bacillus (AFB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a group of rod-shaped organisms, as small as 2 to 4 micrometres. They are known as acid-fast bacteria because of their resistance to acid solutions in laboratory tests. Isolating and identifying tuberculosis bacilli was impossible until this attribute was understood and hence gave rise to alternative and new testing techniques. Tuberculosis most commonlyRead MorePulmonary Tuberculosis : A Serious Disease That Affects The Lungs1385 Words   |  6 PagesPulmonary Tuberculosis Pulmonary tuberculosis is a serious disease that affects the lungs. In the United States it was once a rare disease, however in 1985 there was a reoccurrence due to HIV. Tuberculosis has been around for a long time since the nineteenth centuries claiming the lives of many. Pulmonary tuberculosis is said â€Å"to be the second disease in the United States that is very deadly caused by infectious agents† quoted by Terry Des Jardins, Med, RRT. Since a drug has been found to treatRead MoreMycobacterium Tuberculosis An Overwhelming Pathogen.1272 Words   |  6 Pages Mycobacterium Tuberculosis an Overwhelming Pathogen Alejandro Pinon Miami Dade College Author Notes Contact: alexpinon1992@hotmail.com Read MoreTb, Or Tuberculosis, And Tuberculosis1450 Words   |  6 PagesTB, or Tuberculosis, is a chronic or acute contagious disease caused by a bacterial infection. TB is the leading cause of death from a single infectious disease, accounting for over a quarter of avoidable deaths among adults. It can affect several organs of the human body, including the brain, the kidneys and the bones, but it predominately manifests itself in the lungs where it is called Pulmonary Tuberculosis. According to the WHO, TB infection is currently spreading at the rate of one personRead MoreTuberculosis 1406 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease which causes millions of death in humans. In India approximately 500,000 deaths occurs now and then. TB is an air borne disease which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Apart from M. tuberculosis, there are many strains of Mycobacterial species like M. bovis , M .africanum , M. microti, M. caprae , M. pinnipedi i, M. canetti and M. mungi. Together these species are known to be M. tuberculosis complex. The main target of tuberculosis is the lungs (iRead MoreDr. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pagesdisease known as, Tuberculosis. According to the CDC, â€Å"One third of the world’s population is infected with TB† . A staggering number, but the amount of deaths from TB is even more astonishing, â€Å"1.8 million deaths in 2015† (Center for Disease Control). Most people get confused with what exactly tuberculosis even is, whether people say it’s like the flu or bronchitis, but it’s somethi ng truly life threatening. Tuberculosis is not exclusive to only one race, ethnicity, or gender, tuberculosis is able to

Poetry Theme Of Love - 1638 Words

Love in Poetry Studying the theme of love in poetry can help a relationship to move from one level to another. Poems express love in unique ways that draws the attention of both the poet and the recipient to focus and express love in powerful ways. The choice of words and phrases used in poems can provide the insight lovers needs to keep their love strong and live for as long as possible (Literary Devices, 2015). Sometimes love fades because people take each other for granted and forget expressing love in words and actions. Since poems are products of creative thoughts, people can draw numerous lessons from the poems that they can apply in real life situations to heal a broken relationship. Instead of watching helplessly at friends whose relationships are running soar, one can share a poem and revive a dying relationship. The continuous use of poems in life can turn an individual into a creative thinker that can easily relate physical things to lovely mental pictures that can bring fulfillment in a love relationship. The focus of this paper is to explore the theme of love in the works of different poets (Literary Devices, 2015). One of the famous poem on love is the â€Å"I love you† by Ella Wheeler Wilcox. It is a poem on romantic love that opens with the experience of lovers when they kiss â€Å"I love your lips when they are wet with wine.† It’s full of descriptive features that turn on the fire of romance as it explores all the erotic parts of the body any couple can enjoy. ItShow MoreRelatedThe Theme of Love in Poetry1916 Words   |  8 PagesThe Theme of Love in Poetry Love is a very common theme in poetry. By closely examining the ways in which two poets(one must be pre 1900) have explored this theme. Show what you have found to be similar/different in their handling of this theme. Many people have different views on love. Many of these views throughout the ages are explored through poetry as love has much contemporary relevance in todays society as it ever did before. Two love poems I read whichRead More The Theme of Love in Poetry Essay4662 Words   |  19 PagesThe Theme of Love in Poetry I have chosen to compare four poems, the first one is Porphyrias Lover. It is written by Robert Browning who died in 1889. The second poem, My Last Duchess, is also by Robert Browning. Browning was a great poet in the Victorian age and married Elizabeth Barratt. The third poem is called First Love. It is written by John Clare (1793-1864). The final poem is Ballad. It is an anonymous poem as no-one knows who wrote ballads. This is because they are wordRead MoreThe Theme of Love and Loss in Poetry Essay2011 Words   |  9 PagesThe Theme of Love and Loss in Poetry How on earth are you ever going to explain in terms of chemistry and physics so important a biological phenomenon as first love? Albert Einstein. The subject of love has always inspired poets, writers, and those lucky in love as well. Love is everything its cracked up to be. It really is worth fighting for, risking everything for. And the trouble is, if you dont risk everything, you risk even more. Some of the poets who are soRead MoreEssay on The Themes of Love in Romantic and Victorian Poetry899 Words   |  4 PagesThe Themes of Love in Romantic and Victorian Poetry Within this essay I shall be comparing the themes of love used in ‘Red, Red Rose’ by Robert Burns, ‘Remember’ by Christina Rossetti, ‘So We’ll Go No More A-Roving’ by Lord Bryon, ‘Sonnet XVIII’ by William Shakespeare and ‘Sonnets from the Portuguese XLIII’ by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. To do this I will analyse the different themes of love portrayed by each poet, how the love is declared and explore the ways in whichRead MoreEssay about Themes of Love and Loss in Poetry1278 Words   |  6 PagesThemes of Love and Loss in Poetry In this essay, we are going to analyse five poems to study the way love and loss are treated in the pre-nineteenth century poems, So, well go no more a roving and When we two parted by Lord Byron, Sonnet 116 by William Shakespeare, How do I love thee? by Elizabeth Barrett-Browning and Remember by Christina Rossetti. After looking at the level of implication of each of the poets in their writing, we will show the way they treatRead MoreThe Themes of Love in Shakespeares Sonnets and Other Poetry Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe Themes of Love in Shakespeares Sonnets and Other Poetry Love poetry has been written for many centuries. The ideas expressed by Shakespeare and Browning are still relevant today. Love is not a tangible thing; it is an emotion so it can be perceived in many different ways. Shakespeare has infamously used sonnets to express his ideas on love. Shall I compare theeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦? is a sonnet in which Shakespeare focuses on immortalisation through words. Let me not is anotherRead MoreCompare How the Theme of Love Is Presented in a Selection of Pre-1914 Poetry7665 Words   |  31 PagesCompare how the theme of love is presented in a selection of pre-1914 poetry The theme of love is a universal, timeless issue that has always been discussed and forever will be. People are searching for the true meaning of love and how it is different from person to person and from race to race. Everyone is amazed by how love can make people experience so many emotions and how love can bring sadness and happiness and confusion. ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’ By John Keats and ‘Porphyria’s Lover’Read MoreTypes Of Poetry : A Poem Which Deals With Religious Themes, Love, Tragedy, Domestic Crimes, Essay2495 Words   |  10 PagesPoetry Terms Types of Poetry 1. Ballad: A poem which deals with religious themes, love, tragedy, domestic crimes, and even sometimes propaganda. Example- â€Å"Rime of an Ancient Mariner† is an example of a lyrical ballad. ‘Day after day, day after day We stuck nor breathe, nor motion; As idle as a painted ship Upon a painted ocean’ 2. Lyric poem: Any short poem that presents a singular speaker who expresses thoughts and feelings. Love lyrics are common. Sonnets and odes also apply. Example- FallenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book West 10th And Poetry 1365 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Contemporary Poetry: Journal critique essay West 10th and Poetry Magazines The importance of poetry in a college student’s life cannot be overemphasized. From ensuring that one is conversant with contemporary social and economic issues as well as generally having a large knowledge base on different subject topics. Poetry is important for the enrichment of the soul and the nourishment of the mind. It also helps us step back and look at things from different perspectives. Like any otherRead More17th Century 16th Century Poetry947 Words   |  4 PagesHow is the poetry of the 17th century different from the poetry of the 16th century? The poetry of the 16th century and the poetry of the 17th century were mainly lyrical. However, this similarity of expressing personal thoughts and feelings did not prevent major differences between both periods whether in themes or in structure. Poetry in Elizabethan time was based on courtly love conventions which included conceits and complements. Themes such as the unattainability of the lady, sleeplessness

Acceleration by Graham McNamee Essay - 1323 Words

Acceleration by Graham McNamee * Duncan, Vinny, and Wayne are all friends working - or wasting time - the summer before senior year in high school. Duncan is the soul, Vinny the brains, and Wayne the muscle. At the end of the previous summer, Duncan tried to save a drowning girl and failed. Not being a hero has really affected his life, particularly his relationship with his girlfriend Kim. Also, he is now terrified of swimming, especially when the nightmares come back. Duncans summer job is with the public transit lost and found. While trying to make the hours go faster, Duncan looks through the items, especially the books and golf clubs. One day he discovers an unmarked journal with no name, which depicts sadistic animal torture†¦show more content†¦At work he discovered some serial killers diary who was slowly accelerating from smaller crimes to bigger crimes. He finds out that the serial killer has been stalking three women and is after to kill them. At first he didnt care what the serial killer wante d to do and so he decided to hand in the journal to the police, but seeing the disinterest that the cops showed him, he realized that he is playing with the life of someone and that the life of that victim is in hands, he decides to put a stop on it. He becomes responsible of his actions and understands the realities of the life. Also after working in lost and found department he became more mature and understood that the life is just not about having fun and do whatever you want, to get a good career a person have to work hard and follow the proper disciplines in the life. 3. How did author create suspense? * The author creates suspense by starting with the slow beginning and then making the story faster and more attention-grabbing. The author cleverly manipulates readers sense of disbelief by eliminating the possibility of police help or parental understanding. The author reveals the serial killer to the reader at the end of the story. By that time Duncan keeps searching him. Author slowly reveals the clues out of the lost journal of serial killer to make readers focus in the story. Also with the slowlyShow MoreRelatedAcceleration by Graham Mcnamee Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pages1. Write the summary of the book that you read. * Duncan, Vinny, and Wayne are all friends working - or wasting time - the summer before senior year in high school. Duncan is the soul, Vinny the brains, and Wayne the muscle. At the end of the previous summer, Duncan tried to save a drowning girl and failed. Not being a hero has really affected his life, particularly his relationship with his girlfriend Kim. Also, he is now terrified of swimming, especially when the nightmares come back. Duncans

Marketing Plan for Lords Ice Cream Parlour - 5099 Words

TABLE OF CONTENTS *1.0 EXECUTIVE* SUMMARY ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’, one of the prime ice cream products situated in St. Johns Wood with a good market share is one of the best in that area providing ice cream with fresh taste and modern packaging. It was established in 1998, ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’, at present uses straight-line technology for manufacturing more than twenty three types of premium ice cream in its factory in Swiss Cottage, producing nearly 530 liters of ice cream each day . ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’ has a two year marketing plan for current customers as well as its new consumers to attract and satisfy those target groups of consumer. The company wants to increase its market share by 7% and compete with the†¦show more content†¦Both quantitative and qualitative analysis has been emphasised. Both primary and secondary data were obtained through informal interviews with the company and questionnair es to customers. Moreover in cases where managers and customers were unwilling or unable to provide information, observational research played a vital role. It must be added that the report though, tried to give an overall view of ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’, it focused on London City as their area of study. Primarydata was first collected by taking in depth interviews of the Marketing Executive and Sales person to have a better insight to the marketing aspects of ice cream. Mostly personal interviews were undertaken since flexibility, quality of data that can be collected, speed of data collection and response rate is extremely high and information seems to be more reliable and effective. Only unbiased, relevant and valuable data of related issues were recorded to ensure a critical evaluation of the marketing techniques and strategies used by ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’. Problems were faced during the interview, as the managers were reluctant to disclose som e of the confidential aspects of the organisation. All the data obtained were not always reliable and hence subject to error. Due to the time constraints I could not complete a comprehensive investigation and there were some areas that were left unexplored. In many occasions managers wereShow MoreRelatedCreativity in Advertising15483 Words   |  62 Pagesearliest form of advertising was simply the trader shouting out the fact that he existed and naming what he had to sell in the local market place. As an instrument of marketing, advertising was an effective through multiple sales people reaching many people at one time. Then it had used the media as a tool. The American marketing association defines advertising as â€Å"any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor†. Advertising doesn’t

Uses of Information & Communication Technology- Free-Samples

Question: Discuss how the after-hour technological use for work Impact Productivity and what is the role of HRM in this Process? Answer: Introduction Over the recent past, both managers and other stakeholders stay connected to their workplace through mobile communications such as mobile phones, laptops among other devices. This has been fuelled by the digital era we are in and is becoming a culture. This is what is often referred to as after work technological use and it has various impacts on productivity in the workplace. It has really affected how things were conducted and how they were operated in most of the companies and organizations. This habit is really growing and is being adopted both intentionally and unintentionally to become the company behavioral norm (Aditya Erdlyi, 2014, pp.89-96). This article digs deep into the resultant effects of after-hour technological use and their impacts. It also looks at the role of human resource management in this growing behavioral norm. Literature review After hour technological use is a habit that has developed over the recent past which is being sophisticated too much by technological advancement. It means the extra hours that employees remain connected to their workplace by use of mobile technology like cell phones as well as laptops. Research shows that this is an increasing habit now that technological advancement is tremendously increasing. He argues that most of the employees do not terminate work at the conduct hours but remain present even at home to cover the flaws left at a workplace or any emerging activity. Workers have a diverse feeling depending on how the after hour technological use is employed. He argues that even though it might be too exciting, some employees find it irrelevant to be conducted for work matters even after having duly completed their working hours (Arechar Kraft-Todd, 2017, pp.44-50). They feel bothered being questioned about things they have not done at work after having settled at their homes wit h their families, something that ought to have been questioned while at work. It is argued that after hour technological use refers to the extra conduct hours that employees and other organization stakeholders engage themselves with their workplace, not physically but by the use of mobile technology. This argument bases its knowledge on the fact that after work most of the employees leave for home. However, whether intentional or not intentional they dont remain completely out of the work vicinity but instead stay just as they were physically in work by conducting activities by use of mobile technology rather than being physically there. He argues that this usually has several impacts both to the employees and the organization they work for. The resultant effect is experienced by the organization in terms of increased productivity while some employees feel bothered for staying at work having finished their scheduled working hours as stipulated (Azam et al., 2016, pp.70-76). However, he argues that some employees love the practice and are usually proud of being in connection with their companies even when not physically present. Research about the issue of after work technological use and claims that any work was done by an employee whether physically present or not present is work done for the well being of the company and should be accounted for (Bhushan et al., 2016, pp.54-60). He claims that this after hour conduct is just the same as working from home and should be considered in the employees pay. He considers every work done by an employee accountable and payable regardless of the geographical area it is done. He says that even work done overseas after the scheduled working hours are over equals the work done physically at the workplace and should be counted as work done by the employee and in any case should be paid. He says that if it were not for the extra technological conduct hours most of the organizations could be closed today. He also says that increased productivity in most of the companies has been fuelled by the after work technological use. It is also argued that flaws and mistakes made dur ing the real working hours are corrected during this extra hour technological conduct (Bono et al., 2013, pp.56-70). He also says that work not done or insufficiently done is put up for during this after our technological use and should be paid for like any other work. It is the role of human resource management to ensure that these extra worked hours are paid despite the fact that they are not worked from the workplace. It is its role too to ensure that employees are not bothered too much minute after the other and they are conducted whenever needed the most. Contribution on the same says that after work technological use is one of the emerging issues in organizations and most of the companies today are adopting it so much (Brynjolfsson McAfee, 2014, pp.201-10). He argued that this idea is being adopted by even small scale retailers because it is a fruit of technology that is inevitable. He says that this idea, whether bothering the employees or pleasing them cant in any way be avoided because it is the pay of technology most organizations are looking for. He says that employees dont actually finish working at their workplace but stop at a particular point. He believes that whatever employees do at the extra conduct technological hours as part of their work done at their own convenient time. He argues that logging into the staff portal of the company website to update some data from home by use of a laptop or a Smartphone is work that is put up for. He claims that being conducted by your boss to do a few tasks after work using your mobil e gadgets is alerting you that you did not finish your work. He claims that work is nowadays divided into two: the physical part that is done at the workplace and the technological part that is done by the use of mobile devices. This is actually what is referred to as after hour technological use according to him. He adds and says that mobile technological use at home to finish a particular work task deemed for completion within a specified duration of time is completing your second part of what you are employed to do. Best practices, issues, and problems Indisputably, there are some aspects that are working well and others failing in the after hour technological use. This is actually due to the fact that everything regardless of how bad or good it usually has its merits and demerits. For instance, productivity at the work place is growing at a promising rate. It is believed that since the adoption of the after hour technological use approach most of the organizations are growing tremendously with others that were down reviving and sprouting promisingly (Chesley, 2016, pp.76-82). It has been seen that this is a concept that is universal and not only applicable to information technology based institutions but any institution can adopt the same. It has been observed that in most schools especially those of secondary and tertiary learning teachers and lecturers employ this principle widely It is said that most of the lecturers and teachers upload student marks to the relevant portals using their mobile devices and this is inevitable. Again, after hour technological use that has sprouted over the recent past due to increased technological advancement has affected production quality so much (Clark, 2015, pp.5-10). It is also argued that most of the employees work for long hours in the work place and by the middle of the day, they are tired and weary. This would actually result in mistakes because getting tired and weary is being prone to making errors. He says that the extra mobile technological hours are mostly used to correct the flaws and errors made during the day while the employee was weary so that at the end of the day quality and flawless products are produced. It is argued that since this concept of after hour technological use came into being the quality of output products is increasingly becoming admirable (Derks Bakker, 2016, pp.79-88). This is mainly because there are very few or no mistakes made and if they are there they are corrected at the employees convenient time to give out the best quality. Another mentionable merit of this approach is bettering the living styles and standards of the employees. This is only if it is applied as required. As discussed earlier in this article, some organizations treat these extra technological conduct hours as work done by the employees and that ought to be paid. If this is done then the employees get an extra amount of cash that they use to better their lives. This approach is working well where companies are willing to put up for financially the work done by employees even in nonworking hours (Douglas, 2016, pp.9-13). This approach is also a motivating factor. It is working well to motivate the employees and give them an induced passion for working for the company even if the normal co duct hours are over (Webster, 2014, pp.90-100). This is one of the things that keep a company or organization growing. This is due to the fact that a contented employee in the working system is likely to give more in terms of attention and productivity to the organization or company. In spite of the fact that there are quite a good number of merits and advantages that accrue to an organization or a company and employees as a result of after hour technological use approach, there are also a number of issues and problems behind it. To begin with, employer employee clashes are inevitable. It is not all employees who deem extra conduct with their organization whether physical or through mobile communications helpful (Grint Woolgar, 2013, pp.75-80). Some employees are just contented with their basic pay and want to spend most of their of work hours with their families and friends. However, when mobile technological communication is called for in off work hours some employees feel bothered and don't want to engage themselves in activities of the company when they have done all their part at the workplace (Hartmann et al., 2017, pp.78-80). Some employees regard this as disturbance and this will create a void for the human resource management to create awareness about t he issue and define the borders or extent at which this conduct is actually due. Another problem arises when the company is unwilling to put up for the work done in the after work technological use. It should be appreciated that the much done by mobile communications is as helpful as if not more than working from the workplace. Much is done by use of mobile communications at home and this corrects many things that could otherwise have affected production in that organization (Ippolito Ippolito Jr, 2017, pp.23-30). For instance, working from home after conduct hours using mobile devices saved the University of Pretoria in South Africa quite large amount money. An error that could leave the financial department in lavishing financial problem was corrected by a phone call followed by logging into the portal using a laptop from the comfort of home. This is a relevant case. Another issue that has been brought about by after hour technological use is laxity among some of the employees. It has been noted that there has emerged a negative impression by the employees that errors done during the day are correctable later. Some employees dont work efficiently and keenly as they used to do because they have the notion that if in any case their boss is not contented with the work they have done he will call them and give them the way forward (Johnston, 2015, pp.45-50). This has greatly affected some employees performance. Again, some employees have been used to being called almost daily by their bosses to correct or do a few things at home and this has given them an impression that they can never be perfect. This has slowly affected their performance in the sense that they feel that they cannot do anything perfect in one time (Jones et al., 2014, pp.162-70). These bosses have made their employees believe that there is nothing that can be done perfectly well in one go. Here comes the role of the human resource management that has the obligations to educate their employees and stand on their behalf to show that something perfect is always possible. Discussion and analysis Now, lets thoroughly analyze this issue of after hour technological use and see how some of the issue and related problems can be solved. As discussed earlier, one of the problems associated with this approach that has grown and become a behavioral norm as a result of technological advancement is disturbances and bother to the employees. It has been evident that some bosses are taking advantage of technological improvement to over task their employees (Mizutani, 2016, pp.77-80). For instance, an employer could engage an employee in sorting some data at home using his laptop that could have otherwise been done the following day. Others are taking advantage of their juniors by using this approach to give them some task that that does not belong to them. In one particular case, a senior employee used to give his junior his task because he was too lazy and spent most of the time engaging in activities that do not relate to the company. It was once asked whether employees should receive o vertime after answering emails at home after working hours are over (Knox Marston, 2016, pp.71-75). Some scholars argue that any communication purposed for an organization even if after working hours is as important as a staff meeting discussion. The question of whether employees should receive overtime after receiving and replying to emails at home is too tricky and needs a high level of intellectual know-how to answer. However, the human resource management should lay the extent at which after work magnitude should deserve over time. It has also been seen that another problem that arises due to the use of after hour technology of mobile communications is laxity and laziness. This can take two forms; either employee or employer laxity which are fuelled by different factors. Employee laziness is incited by the notion that whatever is not covered during the normal working hours can be compensated for during the after-work hours and still get more revenue (Mowery, 2015, pp.32-38). This is a vice that should be avoided at all cost because it is equivalent to using fraudulent means to steal for the company and legal actions can be taken. Sometimes an employee could also be used to being called by his employer on daily basis to correct a few things. If this happens, the employee gets to a point of thinking that he or she can do nothing perfect because the employer corrects him daily (Spector et al., 2015, pp.65-70). This will make the employee perform poorly without regarding efficiency because he or she knows after the end of the day the boss must see flaws in his or her work. The other form of laxity is employer or boss laziness. Human Resource strategies and solutions Ensuring responsibility Human resource management has the responsibility to ensure that all the employees and organization stakeholders perform their duties as expected. In the above discussion, it has been found that most of the employees especially those holding top positions in management usually neglect their duties and delegate them to their junior staff in a way that is not appropriate. Abandoning your duty and giving it to other people to undertake at their after normal work hours is not only illegal but also unethical (Parsons, 2014, pp.892-98). Therefore, Human Resource management should ensure at all cost that the set rules are followed to the latter and oversee that there is no an employee who takes an advantage of the other. In this way, clashes will be very few. Educating employees Today, employees are not living in harmony with one another due to lack of proper education. It is said they most of them dont know what is expected of them and borders within which they should operate. As a result, there has been a never ending line of clashes amongst them themselves. For instance, they clash daily about how after hour technology should be employed so as to be regarded as having used in the right manner (Pielot Church, 2014, pp.54-64). Therefore, the Human Resource management is obliged to the provision of relevant education and awareness to help employees not class over the issue of after hour technological use otherwise the clashes will never end. Setting limit for conversations deemed for payment There also has been a question about whether employees should receive any overtime for answering a call or replying to an employer email regarding the work place. It has not been set to default to what extent a communication intended for the workplace should be regarded as being enough for payment. This is mostly what has been causing misunderstanding amongst many of the employees (Roh Seol, 2014, pp.90-100). It, therefore, becomes necessary for the human resources management to define which communication should deserve payment and which should not Setting borders for what is urgent or not It was discussed earlier in this article that most of the junior employees are getting bothered too much by being engaged in activities that could otherwise have been scheduled for the following day. This is one of the problems that are arising in management. When senior employees feel that there is something that ought to be done they call the junior employees to take that task in the off work hours. Some things that junior staffs are instructed to do are not even too urgent (Rubin Babbie, 2016, pp.43-50). Therefore, it is important for the human resource management to set borders for what ought to be termed as urgent and emergency. It should ensure that employees are not burdened with activities that are not urgent and that can comfortably be performed the following day. Conclusion After hour technological use is inevitable and is actually becoming a behavioral norm. However, this should not blind us not to take responsibility as required of us during the working hours aiming at compensating for the neglected responsibility during the after work time. Like any other concept, after work technological use has its positivity and negativity. However, the result depends on how and why the communication is done. I would call for total responsibility from the junior to the senior employees during the working hours and use after work mobile communications in case of emergency or an urgent issue. I would also recommend human resource management to undertake their role and protect the employees from over taking in the name of after hour technological use. I would also recommend organizations to build the virtue of responsibility and try as much as possible to use after hour technological use when due but not taking it as a norm. References Aditya, P. Erdlyi, V., 2014. Encore: Private, context-based communication for mobile social apps. In Proceedings of the 12th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, pp.89-96. Arechar, A. Kraft-Todd, G., 2017. Turking overtime: how participant characteristics and behavior vary over time and day on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Journal of the Economic Science Association, pp.44-50. Azam, F., Qadri, S., Ahmad, S. Khan, K., 2016. Framework of software cost estimation by using object orientated design approach. After hour technological use, pp.70-76. Bhushan, N., Li, J. Malladi, D., 2016. Network densification: the dominant theme for wireless evolution into 5G. IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.54-60. Bono, J., Glomb, T., Shen Kim, E., 2013. Building positive resources: Effects of positive events and positive reflection on work stress and health. Academy of Management Journal, pp.56-70. Brynjolfsson, E. McAfee, A., 2014. The second machine age. Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies., pp.201-10. Chesley, N., 2016. Information and communication technology use, work intensification and employee strain and distress.. Work, employment and society, pp.76-82. Clark, P., 2015. Nurses Unions Efforts to Give RNs a Greater Voice in Patient Care. Members-only Library., pp.5-10. Derks, D. Bakker, 2016. Smartphone use, workhome interference, and burnout: A diary study on the role of recovery. Applied Psychology, pp.79-88. Douglas, S., 2016. Unpaid overtime. Advocate: Newsletter of the National Tertiary Education Union, , pp.9-13. Grint, K. Woolgar, S., 2013. The machine at work. Technology, work and organization., pp.75-80. Hartmann, H. et al., 2017. How the New Overtime Rule Will Help Women Families. Payment of overtime, pp.78-80. Ippolito, L. Ippolito Jr, L., 2017. Satellite communications systems engineering. atmospheric effects, satellite link design and system performance., pp.23-30. Johnston, M., 2015. Smartphones let surgeons know WhatsApp: an analysis of communication in emergency surgical teams. The American Journal of Surgery, pp.45-50. Jones, S., Rudin, R. Perry, T., 2014. Health information technology: an updated systematic review with a focus on meaningful use. Annals of internal medicine, pp.162-70. Knox, P. Marston, S., 2016. Human geography. Places and regions in global context. Pearson., pp.71-75. Mizutani, S., 2016. Extended Policies of Replacement First, Last, Overtime.. Reliability Modeling with Computer and Maintenance Applications, , pp.77-80. Mowery, D., 2015. Ivory tower and industrial innovation. University-industry technology transfer before and after the Bayh-Dole Act., pp.32-38. Parsons, K., 2014. Human thermal environments:. the effects of hot, moderate, and cold environments on human health, comfort, and performance. , pp.892-98. Pielot, M..C.K., 2017. An in-situ study of mobile phone notifications. InProceedings of the 16th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices services, pp.54-64. Pielot, M. Church, K., 2014. An in-situ study of mobile phone notifications. InProceedings of the 16th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices services, pp.90-98. Roh, W. Seol, J., 2014. Millimeter-wave beamforming as an enabling technology for 5G cellular communications: Theoretical feasibility and prototype results. IEEE communications, pp.90-100. Rubin, A. Babbie, E., 2016. Empowerment series: Research methods for social work. Cengage Learning., pp.43-50. Spector, J., Merrill, M. Elen, J., 2015. Handbook of research on educational communications and technology. Mobile technologies, pp.65-70. Webster, J., 2014. Shaping women's work:. Gender, employment and information technology. Routledge., pp.90-100.

Economic Model of Japan in Post Second World War

Question: Write about theEconomic Model of Japan in Post Second World War. Answer: Japan was the most affected country in the Second World War. Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the most devastated but whole Japan was afflicted for this war. A considerable proportionate of industrial buildings and the machineries along them were destroyed. There were huge social consequences after this war such as starvation, chaos and unemployment. More than half of the housing accommodation of Japan was demolished. The allied powers tried to heal this devastating condition. Inspite of such devastation Japan was able to regain rand reconstruct its economic condition. This only happened due to the experiences obtained by the Japan during the war and also learning, and seeking about the economic model from rest of the world. The outline of this essay is about the characteristics and features of Japans post world war economic model. In this paragraph there is an in detail description about the sufferings of the people of Japan. The prime and foremost problem was unemployment. There were 7.6 million troops, which were demobilized. So, for this cause 4 million people became unemployed in military field. Moreover, 13.5 million people from outside of Japan were dismissed from the foreign countries and over all 13.1 million people lost their jobs. There was also curtailment in food and energy. The shortage of energy occurs due to the unavailability of coal because Koreans and Chinese people who worked in the coalmines did not want to continue further. The production of rice that was also limited and thus people have to starve for their staple food. The Japanese people became horrified, as there was no source of food and energy and panicked that they would die by the year 1946. Therefore, the people themselves started to work in the agriculture field and the coalmines (Capalbo Antle ed. , 2015). Another significant issue was inflation that is increase in expenses of important things. This has mainly happened because huge resources which were allocated for military purpose was circulated due to compensation purpose, advance payment, demobilized troops and others. Moreover, huge amount of money was spent on the war. This war was solved to an extent after the implementation of the Dodge Plan in 1948. After this, there started the process of Japans economic reconstruction. General Douglas Mac. Arthur who was the supreme commander of the Allied powers launched some reform policies, which disbanded the use of military troops. Thus, there was the establishment of the constitution in Japan in 1949 in which Japan surrendered his military rights and totally depended on U.S.A for its protection (Barnhart, 2013). After the post world war there started another war that is the Cold war between USA and USSR. The war was an ideological one. U.S.A supported the Capitalism ideology and USSR supported the Communist one. USA also feared that Chinas Communist would influence Japan and for this reason, USA supported Japan for solving their economic problems. The U.S. organized commercial treaties for Japan with countries like Philippines and others. In this paragraph, there are the three measures for which the Japans economy rose into prominence. The Dodge Plan in 1948, which was initiated by Joseph Dodge who was the president of the Detroit Bank, was mainly formulated to make Japan strong and self- dependent so that it did not have to take support from USA regarding military purpose. Dodge established three measures and policies to bring back the stability of Japan and to reduce inflation in Japan. These three measures were: a balanced and moderate budget, the adjournment of new loans from the Reconstruction Finance Bank and third measure was the curtailment and abolition of state subsidies. It was becoming impossible for Japan to regenerate its economy by following these principles but at that juncture, the beginning of the Korean War accelerated the economy of Japan. The Korean War totally changed the fate of Japan. The period of the Korean War was from 1950- 1951. Due to the onset of this war 34 % of world trade increased and many countries, including Japan was benefitted due to this. Japanese business a reached its boom due to 70 percent increases in production in different business firms. USAs military attainment deluged and it ordered Japan for production of military amenities that amounted to $2 billion in the years 1951-1953. Japans economy extraordinarily reached into the highest point (Welfield, 2013). Japans gross domestic product (GDP) in the late 1950s grew and developed at an average rate of 9.1% per year. Whereas in the 1960s the average rate of GDP was over 10 percent. On the other hand, the Korean War had accelerated the innovation in technology and in equipment industry. Japan was still lagging behind in implementing this type of technology, so they imported this knowledge of technology and increased the quantity of production and its scope. Hence, the overall growth in production stimulated the economic condition of Japan from a positive aspect. Finally Japan became independent from the interference of all the Allied Powers with the signing of the Japanese- American- Security Pact Act in 1958. There are certain factors for which Japan grew so fast in terms of economy. The first factor is the powerful Central Government Bureaucracy. The Civil servants who worked in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry ( MITI) worked collaboratively with business organizations and also motivated the people of this country to progress and advance financially. There was implementation of certain industrial policies to foster new industries like automobile industry and plotted out certain schemes for the declining industries like mining. The experts in Business also concentrated on the export economy. The third important factor was the availability of new technologies, which the Japanese people applied for productions and there was no restriction regarding the accessibility of this knowledge resource (Flath ,2014) . The fourth factor is the Japans trading policy, which safeguarded the interests of the domestic market, and there was encroaching export move which enhanced the growth o f the economy (Nakamura, 2015). The fifth most important factor is sustaining Japanese politics and policymaking. Democracy did not mould Japans politics; Liberal Democrats did not change the fate of economy of Japan ( DeGrasse, 2016 ). Rather this Liberal Democrat worked along with the eminent corporate leaders and bureaucrats. The sixth factor is the Iron- Triangle which enabled Japan to make exact decisions and measures for securing the unstable condition of Japan ( Francks Francks, 2015) . Another important feature was that the military security obtained by Japan from the USA. Japans Gross National Product was boosted 73 times from 1951 to 1980. The currency rate Yen of Japan was deliberately kept subsided but it was tripled in the 1980s. There were certain important strategies for which Japan was not only able to recover itself from such a worst condition rather the nation changed its destiny after the post world war. The Japanese government upgraded the business by facilitating loans of low rates to the financial sectors and firms for the improvement in the financial condition of the country (Sugimoto, 2014).The Japanese corporate organizations rented huge amount of money from the banks and the banks fetched this money from the domiciliary savings. MITI tried to bring together all the small companies so that it forms a huge company that can challenge Toyota and Nissan (Choucri, 2013). Japan also snatched credit of founding the Sony Corporation, which has now become a multinational corporation (Lockwood, 2015). The Americans consider Japan as free-rider. The main reason behind this was America spent 5 to 6 percent. of its Gross National Product for the military purpose whereas Japan promised that its military expense would be restricted to only 1 percent. The United States of America would safeguard Japan from military aggression of outside. It is true that after the horrible consequences of this post world war Japan was able to reclaim its economic circumstance due to the combative protection from the USA. However, it does not mean that this was the only cause for Japans prosperity because the people of Japan had enough potential to bounce back the situation (Tsurumi, 2015). Furthermore, USA extended its support for Japan so that the Japanese did not support the Communist ideology (Hook Spanier, 2015). In the end, it can conclude that Japan itself has become a role model for all the countries who have faced or facing social or economic instability. The interesting factor is that USA who had ravaged the whole nation later made an alliance with Japan. This was one of the strategies of the USA to secure its position in the world politics. Japanese people were very much aware of their crisis and they themselves took the responsibility to cure the condition. The Japanese government, the bureaucrats worked earnestly for financial regeneration of the country. The Banks of Japan played a huge role in improving the overall situation of Japan. The Cold War between USA and USSR, which led to the Korean War, also stimulated the monetary explosion of Japan. From the year 1950 to 1980 Japanese companies also manufactured big Corporations which have now become world famous. Inspite of all these achievements, Japan faced critical setback in the 1990s. The period of recession began in the year 1990 and the stock market totally declined. This also occurred due to the rising competitors of four Asian tigers namely Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore. Reference Barnhart, M. A. (2013).Japan prepares for total war: The search for economic security, 19191941. Cornell University Press. Capalbo, S. M., Antle, J. M. (Eds.). (2015).Agricultural productivity: measurement and explanation. Routledge. Choucri, N. (2013).Challenge of Japan Before World War II(Vol. 6). Routledge. DeGrasse, R. W. (2016).Military Expansion, Economic Decline: Impact of Military Spending on United States Economic Performance. Routledge. Flath, D. (2014).The Japanese Economy. OUP Oxford. Francks, P., Francks, P. (2015).Japanese economic development: theory and practice. Routledge. Hook, S. W., Spanier, J. (2015).American foreign policy since World War II. Cq Press. Lockwood, W. W. (2015).State and Economic Enterprise in Japan. Princeton University Press. Nakamura, J. I. (2015).Agricultural production and the economic development of Japan, 1873-1922. Princeton University Press. Sugimoto, Y. (2014).An introduction to Japanese society. Cambridge University Press. Tsurumi, K. (2015).Social change and the individual: Japan before and after defeat in World War II. Princeton University Press. Welfield, J. (2013).An Empire in Eclipse: Japan in the Post-war American Alliance System: A Study in the Interraction of Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy. AC Black.