Profile of the Pharmaceutical Industry Essay - 534 Words

Industry Profile Name: Pharmaceutical preparation SIC: 2834 Industry Description The pharmaceutical industry, one of the most profitable industries in the world, develops, manufactures, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical products. The world pharmaceutical manufacturing industry generates over $950 billion in revenue on average with growth rate of about 4%, and expected to reach $1.1 trillion by 2014. Industry revenue will grow as a result of the worlds aging population boosting healthcare demand, and of increased access to more comprehensive healthcare in emerging economies. In particular, the US pharmaceutical manufacturing and preparation industry contains around 1,500 companies, and accounts for over one-third of the global†¦show more content†¦Key current trends The pharmaceutical industry is, and has been for years, one of the most profitable industries in the world. Currently, though, it is mainly growing by trimming costs, devising more efficient methods for research and development and completing mergers and acquisitions. The industry relies on advances in medical technology to develop new products that address unmet needs; however, the pace of development has slowed considerably while the costs have risen dramatically. The development of blockbuster drugs has been slowing, making it difficult for research-intensive pharmaceutical companies to recoup RD costs via revenue from multibillion-dollar products as in the past. Consequently, RD focus is shifting to less-lucrative products or those that occupy niche product segments. As an increasing number of key products lose patent protection, enterprises face heightened competitive pressures from generic drugs. Maturity of the industry The pharmaceutical industry has a relatively long life cycle (about 45 to 50 years) and is currently in the mature stage of its life cycle. Its contribution to GDP is forecasted to grow 1.7% per year on average, compared with global GDP growth of 5.4% per year on average. Further, the merge and acquisition activity has been prevalent over the past decade, so the number of companies is expected to remainShow MoreRelatedPharma Industry Analysis1714 Words   |  7 PagesThe Pharmaceutical Industry 1. Origins and Evolution The modern pharmaceutical industry is a highly competitive non-assembled1 global industry. Its origins can be traced back to the nascent chemical industry of the late nineteenth century in the Upper Rhine Valley near Basel, Switzerland when dyestuffs were found to have antiseptic properties. A host of modern pharmaceutical companies all started out as Rhine-based family dyestuff and chemical companies e.g. Hoffman-La Roche, Sandoz, Ciba-GeigyRead MoreFuture Of Pharmacovigilance ( Pv ) Outsourcing India Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesFuture of Pharmacovigilance (PV) Outsourcing in India Abstract Over the past few decades, many high-profile drug recalls, regulatory authority warnings and negative media impact have caused monetary losses and tarnishing of the image of pharmaceutical companies. Consequently, these companies have invested heavily on PV systems. For a pharmaceutical company, setting up a PV system in-house is not always cost effective and finding qualified and trained resources is a huge challenge. Thus, these companiesRead MoreCompany Profile Of Jubilant Organisms Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesCompany Profile Jubilant Organisms is a collaborative, innovative provider of products and services to the global life sciences industry, striving to accelerate the process of pharmaceutical drug approval. We have a presence across the pharmaceuticals value chain ranging from drug discovery services, custom research and manufacturing services, advance intermediates and fine chemicals to active pharmaceutical ingredients, dosage forms and regulatory affairs services. We also enjoy leadership in IndustrialRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Apotex1400 Words   |  6 PagesBackground Apotex Inc is a Canadian pharmaceutical company that was founded in 1974. Today, it employs over 10, 000 people world-wide in research, development, manufacturing and distribution divisions (â€Å"About Apotex†, 2017). Moreover, it is one of the top twelve research and development companies in Canada and has a global presence through exports and strategic alliances (Apotex Inc. - Complete profile - Canadian Company Capabilities - Industries and Business - Industry Canada, 2017). Apotex startedRead MoreEffects of Potential New Healthcare Regulations in the US: Abbott Inc Case Study687 Words   |  3 PagesStock Exchange, is engaged in pharmaceuticals and diversified medical products, with $39 billion in sales over 2011 and a market capitalization of over $102 billion (Yahoo! Finance 2012a, n.p.). Abbot claims sales grew 10.5 percent over 2010-2011, delivering cash flow of $9 billion which allowed for increasing dividends the firm claims amounted to $3 billion to shareholders (Abbot, 2012, p. 2). This growth was robust enough the firm is spinning off its pharmaceutical research and production sectorRead MoreA Diverse And Sustainable Compound Library For Aid Drug Development And Sales1185 Words   |  5 Pages________________________________________ Public Profile The consumer-facing side of your profile is written so anybody can easily understand your product or service. Information about the investment opportunity is detailed on the â€Å"Business Plan† side of the profile to maintain compliance with SEC ‘general solicitation’ regulation. Carmolex Inc. 3-5 sentence â€Å"quick pitch† outlining key takeaways that will be explored in more depth within the body of the profile. Pharmaceutical companies need robust and high qualityRead MoreTeva Pharmaceuticals Strategy Case Paper1073 Words   |  5 PagesTeva Pharmaceuticals Strategy Overview 4/22/2013 PARTHIBAN SELVAM SMU MBA 2013 Business Overview: Teva Pharmaceuticals is a pharmaceutical company specializing in generic and proprietary drugs. It is the world’s 11th biggest pharmaceutical company. Apart from its major market, US and Europe, it has a major presence in Russia, Latin America, Japan and South Korea. In 2012, it had revenue of 20.3 billion and a net income of 1.96 billion (see table 1). Target Customers: Teva pharmaceutical’sRead MoreBiotechnology Industry Analysis1121 Words   |  5 PagesBiotechnology  industry Analysis BACKGROUND The health care industry Provides health products and service which involved the leading technology of life science. It is a fast-growing industry and will continue to grow in the future because of the increasing request to the advanced medical care. The Global Industry Analysis (GIA,2009) predicted that the prescription drug market is value around $897 billion in world economy in 2015, and Asia-Pacific region is expected to have highest growth in prescriptionRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Ranbaxy Laboratories1306 Words   |  6 Pages1. Industry Analysis: By 2020, India is likely to be among the top three pharmaceutical markets by incremental growth and sixth largest market globally in absolute size The Indian pharmaceuticals market increased at a CAGR of 12.79 per cent in 2015 from US$ 6 billion in 2005, and is expected to expand at a CAGR of 15.92 per cent to US$ 55 billion by 2020 Over 2012–20, total healthcare spending is expected to rise at a CAGR of 20 per cent to US$ 280 billion from US$ 65 billion Pharmaceutical salesRead MoreActavis Pharmaceutical Company Essay1045 Words   |  5 Pageschosen and why Actavis was the organization I decided to conduct my research on due to the company being a pharmaceutical company, with the pharmaceutical company on the raise in the economy and many insurance and doctors leaning towards generic brand medicine Actavis was a great pick for me to start my career and do my research on them as well to give me an idea of how the pharmaceutical industry works. Business management is currently my major and I fore see myself working as business administrator

Kate Chopin s An Hour - 1425 Words

When we think about marriage, we think it is happy moments with loved ones. It is knowing that someone has your back. Also, it is wishing you were the one having the operation or the ill. Not him. It is hard work that not all people can handle. Marriage is hard work that needs to be made from love. Wife needs to be the person that keeps the house in good look and supports her husband. As for husband he needs to be the head of the family that helps his wife to keep their marriage. Marriage is built on love, understanding and support of each other. In the marriage, it is important to keep each other happy. If the love and happiness disappear from marriage, it is hard to keep the family together. In those two short stories there is love, but†¦show more content†¦Louise says to herself that now she is free over and over she says that she is free. As for many Mary is don’t repeat the word free, but she knows that now she is free from her husband. Equally they feel that th eir marriage the worthiest thing for them. Those two women had in common a secret that they were unhappy and maybe beaten by their husbands or maybe they were forced to get married to them. William was strict to everything that Mary was doing. Also, â€Å"he had also disapproval of children, and as a result they had never had any of them either.†(William and Mary 190). It is interesting that for thirty years that they lived together they never had children. Maybe if they have had a child, William wound changed from cold husband to a warm father. Similar was Louise with her husband they also did not have children during the time they were together. Now after she is free, â€Å"She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death; the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and gray and dead. But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome† (Chopin 1). She is thinking about future moment and happy moment in her life. â€Å"There would be no one to live for her during those coming years; she would live for herself. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistenceShow MoreRelatedKate Chopin s An Hour1812 Words   |  8 PagesAuthor Kate Chopin is famous for some of the most influential feminist stories and novels in the Western canon. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is one such text. In this story, Chopin tackles many of the concerns that are essential to feminism, including the willpower and expression of a woman’s distinctive identity separate from the identity of her husband and the right of a woman to identify and experience her own interests. While there is an aspect of this story that is provocative, namely, that Mrs. MallardRead MoreKate Chopin s An Hour857 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding of how various emotions can effect an individual ; this is a consequence of being human. The broad variety of different emotions that Kate Chopin fit into â€Å"The Story of an Hour† presents the story with a perspective that is very intelligible. While some readers may not understand what it is like to live a sheltered life due to marital convention, Chopin laid out the emotional path that the protagonist takes and simplified it into individual, coherent feelings that a woman in the late nineteenth-centuryRead MoreKate Chopin s An Hour899 Words   |  4 PagesThe author has to choose the gender of their main character, and by Kate Chopin choosing a woman it set a completely different mood to the story rather than it being a man. The time this story was written were women were suppose to be submissive and loyal to their husbands, caring and nurturing for their children, and well-bred, catering hostesses. If a woman were to overstep such boundaries, she would be considered unladylike, scandalous, or even immoral. Society lo oks differently upon a personRead MoreKate Chopin s The Hour1361 Words   |  6 PagesStory of the Hour† has been whether or not Mrs. Mallard was oppressed in her marriage or if she was depressed due to the lack of time she and her husband spent together. Time plays a crucial role in the story, from the time they have spent together, to the period of the story, and to the short time in which the story takes place. â€Å"The Story of the Hour,† is a story written by feminist author, Kate Chopin in 1894 that deals with marital instability from a woman’s perspective. Chopin, whose husbandRead MoreKate Chopin s An Hour1273 Words   |  6 Pagesthe probation to ban the consumptions of alcohol, because alcohol attributed to their husbands’ abusive behaviors. Three stories serve as great examples for how women were treated/viewed in overtime. One of those stories is the story of â€Å"An Hour†, by Kate Chopin, which shows us how shows us how women were i n oppressive marriages and desired freedom. Another story called â€Å"Proof†, which was written by David Auburn, demonstrates the negative treatment of women in a male dominated work force. Finally,Read MoreKate Chopin s The Story Of An Hour1579 Words   |  7 PagesKate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour written in 1984 is a story of a woman who, through the erroneously reported death of her husband, experienced true freedom. Both tragic and ironic, the story deals with the boundaries imposed on women by society in the nineteenth century. The author Kate Chopin, like the character in her story, had first-hand experience with the male-dominated society of that time and had experienced the death of her husband at a young age. The similarity between Kate Chopin andRead MoreKate Chopin s The Story Of An Hour1336 Words   |  6 Pagesstatus in society as married women. In the story of an hour, the author, Kate Chopin describes the emotions of a woman who is married and tied down to this oath for the rest of her life. The author uses the ways of the society during that time to construct a story that accurately reflects the feelings of majority of women of that time. The goal of the story is to examine how women were indirectly oppressed during those times. The story of an hour is an interesting short story that begin with tellingRead MoreKate Chopin s Story Of The Hour Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesKate Chopin was an American author who wrote two novels that got published and at least a hundred short stories. In Kate’s short story The Story of the Hour she uses some of her traumatic event that happened in her lifespan in the short story even though it the story is fictional. A lot of her fictions were set in Louisiana and her best-known works focused on the lives of sensitive intelligent women. One-third of Mrs. Chopin’s stories are children’s stories. A lot of Mrs. Chopin’s novels were forgottenRead MoreKate Chopin s The Hour928 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of The Hour† fully answers its title. It is a story about a woman living her last hour. Not so many things happen during that hour, but in contrast, many thoughts fly through main character’s head and a reader can form an accurat e portrait of a woman’s life from these thoughts. Somebody tells her that her husband is dead. After that she dives into the whirl of thoughts regarding the impact of husband’s death on her future. Some facts or beliefs make this woman think that her husband’sRead MoreKate Chopin s Story Of An Hour993 Words   |  4 Pageswriter’s base their stories of real life experiences and feelings. Kate Chopin largely based her stories off of her own life. Kate Chopin spent her childhood years in an alternative and matriarchal Louisiana town with a family that was unconventional. She challenged her nineteenth century sexist society and used her own life to put strength and feminism into her stories like â€Å"The Storm†, â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† and of course â€Å"The Story of an Hour†. She lived with her mother, grandmother and great grandmother

Controlling Environmental Pollution in UK Free Essays

string(77) " 2005 was successful in bringing about noise reduction in work environments\." Introduction Environmental pollution has been a huge concern since many centuries even in a number of developed nations which were characterized by old civilizations and well settled societies that were later on modified by industrialization and modernization that brought in the need for effective waste disposal and implementation of appropriate and effective measures to reduce the extent of land, water, noise, air and countryside pollution. Noise pollution and air pollution became a major concern only after a few decades following the industrial revolution and attention was given to resolve these issues only after major incidents were witnessed across many places in the world such as the London Smog incident in 1952 that necessitated the country’s parliament to take immediate action and pass legislations (Clay Bassett, 1999, pp. 731-740). We will write a custom essay sample on Controlling Environmental Pollution in UK or any similar topic only for you Order Now River pollution on the other hand also became a great concern at a much later stage when most of the inland rivers had been contaminated with industrial effluents, sewage discharge and untreated wastes. Though the major rivers such as the Thames have become much less polluted and support many fishes after massive efforts that have been taken over the years, other smaller and less popular rivers in interior parts of UK are still being polluted (Farmer, 1997, p. 105). A more detailed introspection of the measures taken by UK is warranted to understand the effects of parliamentary legislations in prohibiting environmental pollution. Controlling Air Pollution Air pollution in UK has been a major concern since many decades and a continuous problem owing to the extent of industrial contaminants, air borne particulate matter and dust. The Dutch Expert committee on Occupational Safety (2010, pp. 20- 74) performed a detailed examination of the level of endotoxins in the air borne atmosphere in various parts of UK. This committee recommended a 90 EU/m3 exposure level to ensure that people do not suffer from respiratory tract diseases due to inhalation of endotoxins though patients with respiratory tract illness, those with asthma and smokers were part of the high risk group. Another regulation that has helped control the release of fluorinated carbons into the atmosphere is the Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Regulations 2009. An effective way to reduce these emissions would be by monitoring the extent of F-Gas Usage and indifferent sectors and in turn controlling their emissions. The Impact assessment carried out by Defra (2009, 1-107) laid down standards for improving checking, labelling, checking leakage, certification and registration for industries mainly associated with fire protection, stationary and mobile air conditioning and refrigeration, high voltage operations, switch gear and solvent cleaning. The Air Standards Regulations 2010 provides a detailed assessment of the emissions of various pollutants and particulate matter that can be controlled as a duty of the state by measuring at multiple points and checking for the effectiveness of pollution prevention protocol implementation. This regulation defines a clear classification of the various kinds of pollutants categorized as hydrocarbons, particulates, metals, effluents, dust, and ozone depleting pollutants and so on. Hence, this has also proven to be an effective measure to help the state take necessary action to curb and check activities that lead to greater atmospheric pollution. At the same time, it provides a detailed review of the steps that are to be taken for appropriate and regular checking as a part of the state’s efforts in regulating polluting activities. These regulations have helped to elucidate the high level of air particulate pollutants in UK and bring their emission under control. Though the improvement in initial stages till early parts of the twenty first century had been less and slow moving, the developments that have occurred over the later decades have shown significant improvements in making UK part of a better pollution controlled league. Controlling Water Pollution Water pollution is another area that has required massive inputs and efforts in the UK. In earlier days, emissions of chemicals and industrial effluents into nearby water bodies were common practise. Due to this, inland rivers and lakes were greatly polluted and contaminated also making them unfit for water borne fishery and marine harvesting. River catchment management and maintaining water quality took utmost priority during the later half of the twenty first century and a number of regulations were formed to ensure that the water is not polluted further and steps were taken to recycle the wastes and contaminants to improve existing water quality. Ground water abstraction, mineral extraction, waste water management for discharge and effluents have posed a huge concern to UK and are now being handled by the river catchment management. The control of Pollution Act in 1974 began to tighten the quality of river water through stringent regulation of water polluting activities and polluting industries. This set up a consent-based system for compliance, regular sample collection, testing and procedures for sample collection. It laid regulations on the volume, site of outfall and nature of discharges. These have been quite successful in reducing the extent of harmful effluents reaching water bodies though extensive efforts are still required to redeem all water bodies and reduce the risks due to pollution and subsequent water body contamination. Farmer explained that Surface water Directive (75/440/EEC) set out the requirements for quality of drinking water and classified as basic filtration, physical and chemical treatment and extensive physical and chemical treatment to distinguish the three major categories of drinking water. When the water is not purified as per these protocols, it is deemed unfit for drinking, is not certified and subsequently looked down and not consumed by the public in UK (1997, p. 107). Controlling Noise Pollution Noise pollution in UK has also been a matter of great concern and the Pollution control act also address these issues. This gave a the society the right to report instances of excessive noise pollution and require the corresponding activities such as work at a construction site to be re-modelled to produce lesser noise. The control of Noise at work Regulations 2005 was successful in bringing about noise reduction in work environments. You read "Controlling Environmental Pollution in UK" in category "Essay examples" According to these regulations, employees have the duty of assessing noise levels at their work places and also required to follow hearing protection guidelines according t which hearing protection must be supplied to workers when the noise level reached 80 db and workers are to compulsorily wear hearing protection gear when the noise level goes any higher and greater than 80db. Controlling Land Pollution Land pollution has been an area of huge concern especially due to waste disposal on land masses. The environment protection act of 1990 set out rules to help the state manage land pollution by allowing local authorities to carry out land inspections to ensure that they are not contaminated and also take necessary action of clean up and waste disposal for land recovery. Many organizations including DEFRA and the Environment agency are devising schemes to bring about better land redemption techniques and their effective implementation. Along with this effective strategies for land filling and biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste management are being framed to better manage land resources and prevent their pollution. Waste Management Waste Management has been an area of huge concern for many decades owing to the volume of wastes produced on a daily basis and the need for effective system of waste segregation, treatment and suitable means of disposal that does not contaminate the ecosystem. Waste management regulations have become increasingly important in imposing stringent guidelines for waste treatment and disposal. This has helped reduce the harmful effects of improper waste disposal and bring in greater responsibility from industries and individuals in managing non-biodegradable and hazardous waste. The Environment Agency (2010, pp. 2-18)in UK has framed a waste sector plan in which a three year evaluation for 2006 to 2009 was carried out and a detailed report to manage wastes was prepared. The Environment agency has also set out a process for waste collection, subsequent treatment, recovering energy materials and products from wastes and disposal using land filling and other methods. These methods also incorporate safety and health preservation as vital aspects. As a result of the sustained efforts, the waste strategy annual progress report given by DEFRA for 2008/90 (p. 4) had shown significant reductions in household waste amounting to about 26%, biodegradable waste land filling to about 8% and a 9% reduction in illegal waste activity such as flytipping. This shows the positive growth that UK has made in the direction of waste management though the management of hazardous waste still proves to be a concern. Animal Life protection and country side preservation Preservation of wild life and country side in UK has been a long sought after need that has been established through laws in recent years. The country side commission in 1989 set out a few methods to ensure that the country side remains unaltered and undisturbed in the future. This has been brought about more extensively by society based organizations that might even be non-governmental such as the Sid Vale Association and other organizations such as the Campaign to protect rural England that have been successful in preserving the green belts in England and sustaining the ecosystem through public initiative. Pollution Prevention and Control Regulations 2000 One of the strong measures adopted against pollutions and its prevention in UK includes the Pollution Prevention and Control Regulations 2000 which details the requirements for installation of treatment plants, using effective techniques, defining pollutants, acquiring relevant permits for working conditions and requirements that emanate pollutants and compensations in relation to off-site conditions. These are important parameters that determine the effectiveness of these regulations to being about pollution control. This set of regulations is common to business setups such as power generation, manufacturing, waste management, intensive pig and poultry farming and other industries related to landfill sites and solvents. This broad classification has helped to bring about streamlining of many areas including emissions to land, water and air, emergency efficiency, waste reduction, raw material consumption, noise, vibration and heat reduction, accident prevention and conditioning the s ite preserve surrounding natural resources. Hence, this has brought about a major compliance standard for industrial and other setups in UK towards environmental preservation and pollution prevention. Assessment A number of regulations and legislative measures have been implemented in UK over a sustained period of time. Though some of these measures may not have materialized as they are difficult to check and assess on a continuous basis, significant improvements have resulted in over all pollution prevention and control. The efficacy of these regulations to act as regulatory and compliance norms for industries has been noteworthy. Especially the regulations that have been set out in the area of water pollution and waste management have been successful in raising the levels of water quality and reducing pollution due to contaminants. Other areas such as air pollution require a much more detailed introspection as they are more extensive in nature when it comes to contributory elements. The steps taken to control air pollution from the point of view of reviewing by state, permits for industrial setups, regulatory compliance for industrial emissions and air quality checking at different points have now evolved into suitable methods to combat the multi faceted aspects of continually increasing variations of air pollutants. The waste management regulations are now being implemented in all industrial sectors and are hence reducing the burden of solid waste and contaminants on the environment through the adoption of appropriate treatment methods. Yet, certain amounts of pollutants eventually reach the water bodies or barren lands which need to be curtailed. The country side preservation has been a more recent initiative and though the originally present natural environment and wild life cannot be regained completely, current efforts will prove to be contributory to improve the existing countryside environment. Conclusion Regulatory measures in the UK to control pollution of water and land have been multi-fold, yet they have not reached every part of the country though they are country wide standards. These measures have been successful in bringing down the levels of water and land pollution to a great extent and have also helped to recover water bodies such as Thames River in UK. The improvements in waste management are also noteworthy. Air pollution is one area that requires extensive planning and continuous appraisal due to a number of factors. Better implementation of the regulations already present and the framing of newer regulations to address other needs in the changing international environment will contribute greatly towards sustained improvement and preservation of the natural environment. REFERENCE LIST: Clay, H, H, Bassett, W, H 1999, Clay’s Handbook of Environmental Health, 18th edition, Taylor Francis, London, UK. Department for Environment food and Rural Affairs, DEFRA, (2000) The Pollution Prevention and Control ( England and Wales) Regulations. London: HMSO. Department for Environment food and Rural Affairs, DEFRA, (2008) Impact Assessment of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Regulations 2009. London: HMSO Department for Environment food and Rural Affairs, DEFRA, (2009) Waste Strategy: Annual Progress Report 2008/2009. London: HMSO Dutch expert Committee on Occupational Safety (DECOS), a Committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands. Endotoxins: Health-based recommended occupational exposure limit. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands, 2010; publication no. 2010/04OSH Environmental Agency, EA (2010) Waste Sector Plan: 3 year progress report 2006-2009. A joint report by the environmental services association and environment agency. London: HMSO Environmental Protection, (2010) The Air Quality Standards Regulation 2010 No 1001. London: HMSO Farmer, A 1997, Managing Environmental Pollution, Routledge Environmental Management Series, Routledge, London, UK. Health and Safety at Work, (2006) The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005. London: HMSO. How to cite Controlling Environmental Pollution in UK, Essay examples

Financial Portfolio Management

Questions: You have the 2 stocks A and B, and their returns along with SP/TSX return for the last 3 years Year Returns of A Returns of B Returns of SP/TSX 1 3% -2% 6% 2 11% -6% -1% 3 -1 7% 7% 1. Calculate the covariance and correlation between A and B. For this, use average (mean) return for the stocks. 2. If you are willing to invest 70% of your market money on A and 30% on B, calculate your expected return and risk of the portfolio. 3. Calculate the beta of stock A and B. Answer: (1). Average Return A = Average Return A = = 4.3333 Average Return B= Average Return B= = -0.3333 Covariance AB = = -74.66666667 Periods (n) = 3 Covariance = -74.66666667/3 = -24.8889 Since the covariance between stocks A nd B is negative, it is an indicator that the two moves in opposite directions. I.e. one of the stocks (A) is making a very high return, whereas the other (B) is making a too low return. Correlation coefficient = covariance AB/ standard deviation A*Standard deviation B Covariance AB = -24.8889 Standard deviation A = 6.11 Standard deviation B = 6.66 Correlation coefficient = -24.8889/ (6.11*6.66) = -24.8889/40.69 = -0.61 (2). Expected Return of a Portfolio E (Rp) = (Average return A * Proportion invested in A) + (Average return B * Proportion invested in B) E (Rp) = (4.3333 * 0.70) + (-0.3333 * 0.30) = 3.03 0.09999 = 2.93 The expected return of the portfolio lies between the lowest and the highest average return of each single stock. I.e. between -0.0333 and 4.3333 Risk of the portfolio is measured in terms of the variance of the portfolio Var RP = Where; a is the proportion of money invested in A, b is the proportion of money invested in B, is the variance of A, is the variance of B, and is the covariance of return A and B. Var RP = = 18.29 + 3.99 -10.45 = 11.83 The variance of the portfolio is way lower as compared to that of individual stocks The standard deviation of the portfolio = 3.44 The std of the portfolio is lower than that of individual stocks. (3). Beta = covariance (Ri, Rm) / Market Variance Covariance A, SP/TSX = -52/3 = -17.33 Beta A = -17.33/19 = -0.91 Covariance B, SP/TSX = 47/3 = 15.67 Beta B = 15.67/19 = 0.82. Bibliography Cherewyk, P. (2011). Calculating Covariance for Stocks | Investopedia. Khan, M. and Jain, P. (2007). Financial management. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. McNulty, D. (2008). Calculating Beta: Portfolio Math For The Average Investor | Investopedia. Nickolas, S. (2015). What is the formula for calculating beta? | Investopedia. Whittington, R. and Delaney, P. (2008). Wiley CPA exam review 2008. New York: John Wiley Sons.