High School vs College Essay

A good education is an important part of one’s life. To achieve a good education, one should attend both high school and college. Although some people think high school has a lot in common with college, I find them to be very different. After graduating from high school, I enrolled into college and noticed that there are many differences between them. A few of these differences include the amount of work given to the students, and the attitude and responsibilities of the teachers and students as well. First of all, high school is the first step to a higher level of learning. This place equips us with the proper knowledge needed in order to survive college and other higher levels of learning. The topics being taught in high school are generalized in basic Math, Science, English, foreign languages, and many other subjects. The students are more relaxed and their responsibilities are not that complicated and heavy in a sense that there are fewer requirements and their due dates are not immediate. High schools have been criticized for not giving enough homework or assignments to its students. The main contrast between the two educational institutions is the workload that is given to the students by the teachers. While I was attending high school, I could go days without having any homework during the entire week. High schools are characterized for assigning a single homework assignment or task per class or even per day. On other hand, there are many ways in which the attitudes of the teachers in high school differ from the attitudes of the teachers in college. In high school, the majority of the teachers seem to be stricter and have more rules for the students to follow. High school teachers are responsible for making sure each student obeys those rules to the fullest extent and carry out disciplinary ac tions for those who do not obey them. One example in which a teacher has taken on a disciplinary action was when students were tardy or skipped their scheduled class, the students usually received detention along with an â€Å"F† for the day. I have also noticed high school teachers have strict rules to obey given to them by a higher authority. These rules include no eating or drinking in class, and sometimes not even chewing gum. Another way in which the attitude of the teachers differ is that in high school the teachers seems to be more responsible for what they say and have to make sure they do not curse or say something that can offend a student. If a high school teacher offends a student, the  student has the privilege to complain to the principal, and most of the time the teacher has to take full responsibility. Furthermore, the attitude of students in high school and college also differs greatly in ways such as their dedication to schoolwork and to learning. High school students believe they most attend to class because they are being forced by the law or because their parents insist them to attend, and not because it helps for their future. The majority of high school students start the school year with excitement, but as the time goes, they become frustrated and bored. They begin questioning why they are in school, or what the purpose of doing homework is. While I was in high school, I had the opportunity to notice that many students prefer to goof during class time rather than doing their assignments. For the most part, high school students do not take their courses as seriously as they should. Moreover, there is always a class clown or someone tending to sleep, or even carrying a private conversation with other classmates during lectures. In contrast to high school, college is very specific and cautious about studying. In college, I was told by one of my instructors that a college student is expected to study for three hours a week, per credit. The subjects a student will learn and discuss are much more specific since you finally chose a career path you will take in the future. College students are notorious more mature, but also more responsible causing their workload to be more complex and heavier. Responsibility encourage changed for the simple fact that the curriculum is much more tedious and complicated due to the detailed topics that are discussed regarding your chosen career path. A college student may be given several tasks or homework assignment to do all that the same time for one class. For example, as a college student I have been given several pages to read from a text and a seven hundred word paper as well. Although colleges requires attendances and many of them try to enforce it; some teachers do not. While I am attending college, I am now able to see the difference between how there are some teachers who feel it is the student’s responsibility to come to class or not. If a student chooses to skip the class, the teacher will rarely say something to the student. However, even if colleges instructors are considered more flexible than any other teachers, students usually get an â€Å"F† for the day in which they are absents. Colleges provide a huge variety of freedom and independence to its students  because they believe students should be mature enough to make their own decisions on whether to attend a class or not. In contrast to high school teachers, college instructors are even able to say almost anything they want regardless of whether it offends someone or not such as in the occasion when a college instructor said, â€Å"We don’t need more black people around here† during one of his lectures. By the time students get accepted at colleges, most of them already know their educational goals. Through my time spent in college I have realized students have the mindset to succeed in college because they want to be able to achieve their goals. People who decide to attend to college are working towards obtaining a higher level degree, and not just to play around on campus, or to waste their time pretending to pay attention. This is a higher level of learning, thus, requiring more time, and effort as well as devotion to studies. High school and college are very important in the educational processes because often one cannot get a good job without a well-developed education. This education frequently comes from having a high school diploma and a college degree. Although high school and college carry some of the same features; they also have several differences between them. Some of the ways which high school and college differ include the amount of work given to the students, the teachers’ attitudes and responsibilities, and the students’ attitudes and responsibili ties as well. High school and college play important parts in the lives of many people although they may be thought as similar, they also differ in several ways.

How people survive the work place political jungle Essay

Distinguish between positive and negative corporate politics and explain how these can influence employment engagement. The essay will seek to distinguish between positive and negative corporate politics. The writer will start by defining corporate politics in trying to have an understanding of corporate politics and how it influence employee engagement Kakabadse (1983) cited by Armstrong defines politics as ‘a process, that of influencing individuals and groups of people to your point of view, where you cannot rely on authority’. Organizations consist of individuals who, while they are ostensibly there to achieve a common purpose, are, at the same time, driven by their own needs to achieve their own goals (Armstrong, 2009). There is significant difference between corporate politics and negative corporate politics. This can seen from the effect the two have on employee engagement and the purpose of the individual that is to say positive corporate politics is done as tool mainly by management and supervisors to try and influence other staff so as to meet organisational goals. Positive corporate politics is normal done to the benefit of the organisation as a whole. On the other hand negative corporate politics is self fulfilling – it is aimed achieving self interests and in most cases it is against organisational goals Positive corporate politics include the process of influencing individual endeavour and ambition to the common good. Some individuals genuinely believe that using political means to achieve their goals will benefit the organization as well as themselves. Positive corporate politics can thus illustrated in the following case; Mrs Takuta is the Personnel at ZTRD Development Bank and is deputised by Taurai who she went to the same University and the two were in the same class. Taurai was more intelligent than his supervisor and because of the relation between the two, Mrs Takuta always find it difficult to give Taurai orders and in extreme situations taurai will challenge his boss. In the quest to have work done through her junior, Mrs T akuta will use the following statement â€Å"the HR Manager wants the report done by the end of the day†. Mrs Takuta would use the HR Manager’s authority to influence Taurai to perform his duties. To the same effect, Positive corporate politics can increase efficiency, form interpersonal relationships, expedite change, and profit the organization and its members simultaneously. This can be achieved if those in power are able to use their power to influence members of staff to this effect. Thus  positive corporate politics would also include the different powers vested in them to influence positive employee engagement and increase in productivity. Management can give their employees the power to make decisions about their jobs – flexible autonomy, reward for good performance among others. Positive corporate politics involves action by individuals or groups to acquire develop and use power and other resources in order to obtain preferred outcomes (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, 1995) Armstrong (2009) defines power as the capacity to secure the dominance of one’s goa ls or value over others. Individuals and managers can thus influence directly and indirectly using the various types of powers. French and Raven (1959) cited by Armstrong identified the four different types of powers that can be used to influence other employees and the power are; reward power, coercive power, expert power and legitimate power. Reward power is when individuals and managers use the reward power to influence or obtain compliance from subordinates by promising or granting rewards that includes salary increase, bonuses or even promotions. It is the management who normal use this power positively to achieve company goals. Coercive power is used to obtain compliance through threats of punishment and actual punishment. For example promising to fire an employee if they use company vehicles for personal use. The ability to influence others with the power anchored in one’s formal position of authority thus the legitimate power. Individuals can use their legitimate positions of authority to get things done through others. Legitimate power focuses constructively on job performance. Expert power is when individuals have influence because of the valueable information or knowledge they posses. The supervisor’s power is enhanced because they know about work schedules and assignments before their subordinates. Corporate politics involves struggles between social entities for resources, personal conflict and a variety of influence tactics executed by individuals and groups to obtain benefits and goals in different ways (Molm 1997) cited by Vigoda, (2000). Molm’s view of corporate politics would to a greater extent reflect negative corporate politics. Ferris, Russ, and Fundt, (1989) cited by Vigoda (2000) defines negative corporate politics as behaviour strategically designed to maximise self interests. Corporate politics can contradict the collective organisational goals or the interests of other people. Medison etal 1980) cited by Vigoda, (2000) observed that when  individuals were asked to describe work place politics they would list self serving and manipulative activities. It can then be understood that negative corporate benefits individuals at the expense of the entire organisation or a work unit. The behaviour is thus associated with manipulation, defamation, subversiveness and illegitimate use of power to attain one’s objectives. Corporate politics can then lead to job anxiety, decrease job satisfaction, and withdrawal from the organisation. Dorory (1993) cited by Vigoda, (2000) found that corporate politics has a potential demaging effect especially on lower status employees. He speculated that employees who lacked a stable power base and effective means of influencing perceived organisational politics as a source of frastiration and react by showing negative attitude towards the organisation. Employees can feel isolated and unhappy if they are not part of a cohesive team or if they are bedevilled by disruptive power politics. In conclusion, one can therefore generalise that positive corporate politics reinforces employee engagement. Employees tend to put more effort either because they expect a reward or have been promised reward for such performance. That is to say employees can be influenced by the reward power. Employees work hard or do not do unwanted behaviours to avoid punishment. in most cases, employees will also give respect to those in authority thus the legitimate power. However, on the other hand, employee will not perform as expected thats negative engagement which can be caused by negative corporate politics. Using case studies, discuss how people within an organisation can use political tactics to survive the corporate political jungle? Individuals within an organisation which can be likened to a political jungle act out roles in efforts to establish identities they wish to convey, and which can result in personal gain. It should also be noted that people alter the image they choose to present, and the strategy used to present this image, based on the situation they are in and the outcomes they hope to achieve that is how they intend to survive (Chad etal 2003). To this effect, it is important to note that individuals do not necessarily use the same tactic in every situation. Likewise, different individuals may choose different tactics when faced with similar situations. For example, whereas one individual may use self-promotion to obtain a job offer, that same individual may use  ingratiation or rationality in an attempt to obtain a promotion or pay raise. On the other hand, another individual, when faced with the same situation, may use ingratiation to obtain a job offer and assertiveness or self-promotion to win a pay raise. Different individuals may use a number of contextual factors which influence tactics an individual chooses to use, under what circumstances he or she chooses to use them, and how effective the tactic of choice will be. Such factors include the relative power of the parties, the direction of the influence attempt, the objective of the influence attempt, and the political skill of the influencer (Falbe & Yukl, 1992; Ferris, Perrewe, Anthony, & Gilmore, 2000) cited by Chad etal (2003). Buelens etal (2011) also subscribe to the same tactics as identified by Appelbaum and Brent (1998). He pointed out that individuals would use different tactics to get influence within an organisation or rather to get favours and promotions from their bosses. It is however believed that political behaviour is far less common and less intense among employees in lower-level positions than among employees in higher-level positions. There are a variety of political tactics used by employees at almost every organizational level that include forming coalitions and networks, impression management, information management, pursue line responsibility , ingratiation , rational persuasion, consultation and exchange Appelbaum and Brent (1998) . Forming coalitions and networks best known as networking, is a political tactic which consists of befriending important people. These people may not be in positions of any obvious political value but their jobs may provide them with information that could be useful to have. Some people ï ¬ nd that forming friendships with people in upper-level management can help them gain access to important information (Appelbaum and Brent (1998). The above can be illustrated in the following case: Zikanda was a messenger a t RIT Energy. Despite the fact that Zikanda was just a messenger, other senior employees would always give him respect and at most times conform to his needs and favours. For many years in the same organisation, I never realised why even middle level managers would actually conform to unreasonable demands of a mere messenger. Zikanda would take the pool car home as and when he feel like and no one would question that and worse of other senior employee would commute or even ask for transport from him. I later realised that his power or influence was because of his relationship with the General  Manager. Zikanda was no relative with the boss but has managed to form a network with the General Manager they were friends. Zikanda every lunch time would go to the General Manager’s office ask him what he want for lunch. It was Zikanda’s job to be sent to buy him lunch however it was the way the whole thing was done, he would at times buy him lunch with his own monies. The General Manager and Zikanda were just friends they were just too close. Other employees were not comfortable with this relation there were not sure what information the two buddies share. Zikanda has managed to make a network with the General Manager. Impression management is a simple tactic that most people uses from time to time is the management of their outward appearance and style in the quest of trying to impress those in authority. Generally, most organizations prefer a particular image that consists of being loyal, attentive, honest, neatly groomed and sociable. By deliberately trying to exhibit this preferred image, an individual can make a positive impression on inï ¬â€šuential members of the organization. As illustrated in the case of Transport officer who has turned himself to driver. Nhetuka is a transport officer at ZBM Company. Mr Nhetuka has turned himself into a driver in trying to impress management. Nhetuka is always driving managers when he is supposed to delegate drivers to drive managers around. Not only that he takes the Area Manager’s son to and from school a job which is supposed to be done by company driver. Information management is a tactic consisting of managing the information that is shared with others. The nature, as well as the timing, of information given out can have strong effects on others’ conduct (Appelbaum and Brent (1998). People who play the information management game are not likely to lie or spread misinformation, but they rely on the carefully planned release of valid information to obtain their ends (Vecchio and Appelbaum, 1995, p. 323) cited by Appelbaum and Brent (1998). An example can be given of a personnel Clerk who by virtue of his job has access to very important information to include how people can get access to loans among others. The person having such a position can sort respect and influence to the extent that he is able to make people lower themselves to get that information. In a political jungle despite the fact that this information should be given to all employees, one can choose to with hold the information for his own benefit. Pursuing core business within an organization, some positions are more closely tied to the primary  mission of the organization thus the line positions. They are at the very heart of the organization. While staff people may come to wield great power within their own territories, it is the people who do core business who usually â€Å"call the shots† on major issues. Core staff not only makes the more important decisions within the organization, they are also more likely to be promoted to top-level exe cutive positions. In many organizations, there is a preferred department of origin and career path for top- level managers. Therefore, one way to gain inï ¬â€šuence within an organization is to be assigned to a core position. It will often provide more visibility, inï ¬â€šuence, and upward mobility. A case to support the effect of core position for influence in the in an organisation; Takunda was an administration clerk ZETDC an organisation whose core business is to transmit and distribute electricity. He worked very hard for ten years furthering his qualification hoping that one day he will be promoted and be given a higher grade but nothing cane his way. ZETDC would on get people with 5 ‘O’ Level train them as electricians and give them good grades despite that they only posses a Certificate in Electrical power engineering. Takunda then decided to change the career and started a programme at the Polytechnic were he attained a Certificate in Electrical Power Engineering. And it was only then Takunda was recognised and promoted. ‘Ingratiation tactic involves giving compliments or doing favours for superiors or co-workers. Most people have a difficult time rejecting the positive advances of others. Ingratiation usually works as a tactic insofar as the target often feels positive toward the source even if the ingratiation attempt is fairly blatant and transparent. In the behavioural sciences, the notion of â€Å"social reciprocity† has been offered to help explain the process of ingratiation. In social reciprocity, there is a feeling of a social obligation to repay the positive actions of others with similar actions’ Appelbaum and Brent (1998). Appelbaum and Brent, (1998) defines ingratiation as an attempt by individuals to increase their attractiveness in the eyes of others. Ingratiation tends to be used more as an upward inï ¬â€šuence process than as a downward inï ¬â€šuence process. This tactic can best be observed when especial when one has a female boss how often do we pass complements to our female bosses, â€Å"nice hair style†, â€Å"nice dress† even if we don’t mean it. It is a political game most of us play to survive hash judgement from our bosses. In case of a Human resources clerk who  was left acting as Human Resources Officer. During the absence of his boss, Sipiwe was supposed to employ a Customer Care Clerk on a contract basis. Sipiwe knew that his boss’s daughter was unemployed and Sipiwe took this opportunity to employee the boss’s daughter without even consulting the boss. It was later discovered that Sipiwe did this because she had a boyfriend who was out of employment. Sipiwe calculated and realised that it would be easy for her to convince the boss to employ her boyfriend since she has employed the boss’s daughter. In a game of politics one has to be clever and calculative and be able to use politic al tactics to your best advantage. The case above illustrates a tactic called exchange. REFERENCE LIST Appelbaum, S..H. and Hughes, B. (1998) Ingratiation as a political tactic: Effects within the organisation; Journal of Management Decision Vol 36/2 Armstrong, M. (2009) Armstrong’s handbook of human resources management Practice; London, Kogan Pages. Buelens, M. etal (2011) Organisational Behaviour; Berkshire,McGrall- Hill Chad, A. etal (2003) Influence tactics and work outcomes; Journal of Organisational Behaviour Vol 24 No 1. Hellriegal, D. , Slocum, W. J. Jr. and Woodman, R. W. (1995), Organisational Behaviour;New York, West Publishing Company. Vigoda, E. (2000), Organisational Politics, Job attitudes and work outcomes: Exploration and implications for the Public Sector, Journal of Vocational Behaviour Vol 57. MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY FACULT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES BSC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT HONOURS DEGRE ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR [HRM 202] Assignment Cover Page Surname : NcubeName: Innocent Taurai Reg. Number: R135973GMode of Entry: VISITING Level 2.1 Lecturer: Mrs. Masitara Topic/Question: Distinguish between positive and negative corporate politics and explain how these can influence employment engagement. Using case studies, discuss how people within an organisation can use political tactics to survive the corporate political jungle?

Black men and public places Essay

In the short story Black Men and Public Spaces by Brent Staples, the writer goes through a struggle of being viewed as other â€Å"Black men† in society such as perpetrators of violence. Although he felt enraged as he stated on pg.316, â€Å"Over the years, I learned to smother the rage I felt at so often being taken for a criminal†. He begins to understand why people, mainly woman fear him so much. This is because as he states â€Å"I understand of course that the danger they perceive is not a hallucination. Women are particularly vulnerable to street violence, and young black males are drastically overrepresented among the perpetrators of that violence†. Since the writer understands why people fear him, he tries to change himself so people’s opinion and perception of black men also change. At this point I strongly disagree with the writer, because I believe you are who you are and you should not change anything about yourself to be accepted in society. In some ways I can connect with the writer in his struggle, because as a Muslim in the 21st Century some Americans view Muslims as terrorist due to ignorance, stereotype, and because of the tragedy that extremist of the religion caused which made the twin towers collapse and ended with thousands of civilians losing their lives. Although people who look the same, come from the same culture or religion doesn’t mean that they are the same nor act the same. The short story Black Men and Public Places begins with him walking behind a woman on a seemingly scary street. But because he was a black male, tall, and had his hands shoved in his pocket it made him look suspicious. The stereotypical perception of black men caused the women to speed up, and eventually start running. In this case this black male was innocent and meant no harm, but because of the way society view black men it caused her to be fearful of him. One day as I was walking from a long day of being in Islamic school I had on hijab (head scarf) and a long robe. A man yelled â€Å"TERRORIST where is your bomb?!† I immediately thought how can people be so shallow to think just because I had on a hijab I was automatically sought to be a terrorist. But it all goes back to the stereotypes that society puts on a certain race or culture due to what a few people in those in those  categories do. Although the writer feels enraged deep inside, he understands why people view him as a threat, and its because of the many black men involved in crime. So he begins to change himself to make him look less scary, and less of a suspect. He says on Pg.316 â€Å"I whistle melodies from Beethoven and Vivaldi and more classical composers. Even steely New Yorkers hunching toward night time destinations seem to relax, and occasionally they even join in tune. Virtually everybody seems to sense that a mugger wouldn’t be warbling bright, sunny selections from Vivaldi’s Four Seasons†. My question to the writer is why should anyone act any different from normal due to societies opinion?. Although it may feel more comfortable there should be no reason to alter what you do in your everyday life to satisfy the people around you. To sum things up, the writer Black Men and Public Places though changing what you do in your everyday life can help satisfy society solely to be accepted by people. I have been in a situation in which I was judged and stereotyped about being what I am, but I never once thought in what way can I alter myself so that society may appreciate me, and treat me as an equal.

Crew Resource Management. Report(2000 words)- Using the model designed Essay

Crew Resource Management. Report(2000 words)- Using the model designed by Professor James Reason, write a report on the - Essay Example and information about the dangers of Pump A had been misplaced, through the change of staffing which occurred overnight, thus the cause of the explosion when Pump A was turned on and gas began to leak out of the network of piping on the rig. Professor James Reason developed a model known as the Reason Error Prevention Model or the Swiss Cheese Model which suggests that gaps in process or management can lead to on-the-job hazards or accidents (in an environment such as Piper Alpha), with these gaps requiring closure in order to provide effective management and successful adherence to process guidelines. This report identifies certain managerial and process breakdowns which occurred in 1988 on Piper Alpha in order to highlight how better to manage organisational risks, especially in an environment prone to dangerous hazards. Reason’s model suggests that human error is a natural evolution in any business environment and should be considered when creating a leadership or management model. Lack of concentration, carelessness or forgetfulness are human failings and are going to be present in the organisational design, thus leading to undesirable business outcomes. Further, Reason claims that â€Å"adverse events are the product of latent conditions (pathogens) within the organisational system† (Reason, 2008, p.7; Jeffries, 2005). By this, Reason means that even the most detailed and sophisticated management models, maintaining a strong focus on safety and adherence to policy, can still be interrupted by humans or organisational pathogens and lead to workplace hazards. At Piper Alpha, the disaster cost the company $1.4 billion in USD (Peterson, 1991). The pathogen which existed during this time period was failure for safety workers and managers to perform follow-up with on-duty managers after changing shifts overnight. Even though the permit system had been established to ensure that machinery experiencing maintenance was isolated and closed off, shift leaders did

The Spinster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Spinster - Essay Example She added to her stock a female swine which she tended till it was old enough to breed. She was so glad that the swine had sixteen breast nipples because these would indicate it can have many piglets. She had her artificially inseminated. She must not have imagined a boar over her beast! Alter ego! After few months the beast delivered seven piglets. She was so glad tending the young ones and hoping to sell them at a better price soon. What a profit! Unfortunately, one morning while she was busy tending on her pregnant cattle, a mad dog drop by and bit three of the piglets. Eventually, all the piglets including the mother swine went crazy. It was so horrible for her that at the blink of an eye her capital went crazy and eventually underground with the dead. But, she did not despair. She still has her chicken and almost skinny, but pregnant cattle. Surely, the cattle delivered another female after a long wait. It certainly meant profit! Happily she goes to fields with plenty of free grass feed for her cattle' every morning, leave them to fodder till the late afternoons, when she brings them back home and give some water with little salt. One morning when she was ready to tow the cattle for fodder, the cattle just went crazily jumping around and around that sh

Metropolitan Museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Metropolitan Museum - Essay Example It also has a dark violet footpath and a green foreground, with bananas on the left (Tinterow and Galitz 164) This paper aims at analyzing Ia Orana Maria (hail Mary) by Paul Gauguin and comparing it to Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints by Raphael Santi. This piece of artwork is an abstract art given the nature of its theme. This can be explained by the fact that it has its subject from reality but with presentation is different from the perspective in reality. The artist has widely made use of Post-Impressionism, which is the implication of colors and definitive forms with the aim of expressing emotions. This is highly evident in the choice of intensity of color on the faces of Jesus and Mary. This piece of art can be categorized as religious. This is because of the involvement of Jesus and His mother, Mary. Jesus and Mary are known to be associated with Christianity thus the reason for categorizing this piece of art as religious. The piece of art depicts an angel revealing the identity of Jesus and Mary to two Haitian women (Sayre 87). This picture might not have a narrative as we are informed that the artist based much of the content of this piece of art on a photograph of a bas-relief in the temple of the Javanese, situated in Borobudur. This piece of art is an oil on canvas painting with a height of 113.7 cm and width of 87.6 cm. it is located at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York USA. The art piece can be found on the credit line: Bequest of Sam A. Lewisohn, 1951(Sayre 63). Its identification number is 51.112.2. This piece of art was originally meant for some religious or cultural temple because of the religious nature of the subject. Have it had been in a temple the dimensions would have greatly changed. Both the height and the length would have decreased since it will probably not be used for public display. This would also be because the purpose would not have been commercial. This piece of art has Mary with baby Jesus on her shoulder as the focal point. The piece of art has its focal point to the right of the image (Sayre 183). This is to avoid making the focal point dull to look at. The artist also chose brighter colors, for the focal point just to make sure that it remained visible. The printing is also asymmetric because the artist restricts his decisions to the sense of balance. This is evident in the choice of color, texture, value, shape, and size. The artist has used implied line in the development of this painting. This has mainly been applied to emphasize on curves, for instance, on the faces of the people on the art piece the artist uses implied lines to show the nose and the eyelids. The artist has also used contour lines in drawing the angel. This significantly shows that the angel is in motion. This is because of the unclear nature of the angel’s image. The contour lines also help conveying an imaginary three-dimension nature of the angel’s image. The images in this piece of art are highly i llusive. The artist has applied simple overlapping in the case of baby Jesus and His mother, Mary. This enables the artist to achieve an illusionary two-dimension image. The artist has also used the relative size of the images to create an illusion on space. The two women relatively smaller than Mary in this piece of art depict them being further. This is done intestinally to illusionary create the

SKILL DEVELOPMENT PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

SKILL DEVELOPMENT PAPER - Essay Example It does not necessarily mean valuing being different from others, but coming up with a variety of possible solutions to a problem and having the openness to try out ideas which others have not dared do before. Leadership skills are essential in taking one’s group to the right direction, sharing the same vision for the betterment of everyone in the company. It keeps the group grounded in the midst of a crisis. Effective communication skills are critical especially if I work in a multicultural environment. Apart from understanding the cultural backgrounds and communication styles of my co-workers, I also need to learn to read non-verbal communication. I also need to be able to express myself better so that I can efficiently deliver the message I want to convey to others. This would include learning negotiating skills which is not only vital in closing deals in business but in resolving any other conflict with other people. This leads to the final skill I want to hone, team-build ing skills which requires good interpersonal skills. It is inevitable that I deal with others in my future career, so I need to learn to establish harmonious relationships with them in order to develop team effectiveness. Improvement Area 1: Creativity Summary of Source 1: Notar, C. & Padgett, S. (2010) Of The Box Thinking†¦Is Thinking Outside The Box 21st Century Code For Imagination, Innovation, Creativity, Critical Thinking, Intuition?, College Student Journal, Jun2010 Part A, Vol. 44, Issue 2 A common phrase used referring to creativity is ‘thinking outside the box†. According to Notar & Padgett, very successful people never appear to have a â€Å"box† from which they operate. However, a box is something associated with something that confines one to a finite space. â€Å"Thinking outside the box† then means not thinking in a finite space but opening the minds out to infinite space with endless possibilities. Some attributes related to thinking out side the box as having a willingness to take new perspectives to day-to-day work. It also entails openness to do different things and to do things differently. Creative individuals focus on the value of finding new ideas and acting on them. They strive to create value in new ways. Although they already have great ideas in mind, they still enjoy listening to others due to their perennial search for better ideas. Summary of Source 2: Sternberg. R. J. (1996) Successful Intelligence: How Practical and Creative Intelligence Determine Success in Life. New York: Simon and Schuster. Sternberg proposes several aspects of interactions that might create or diminish the creative impulse. When faced with tasks that require creative thinking, teams may either work well together towards a solution or work better individually, depending on their creative thinking styles. Groups that compete against one another do much better than groups that compete within themselves. The team concept is stronger t han the survival of the fittest concept of competition. As well, when an employee feels that he will be evaluated for his creativity, the amount of innovation appears to diminish. Summary of Source 3: Fawcett, M. and Hay, P., (2004) 5x5x5=Creativity in the early years. Journal of Art & Design Education, Vol. 23, No. 3 In a study observing the effects of creative teaching and learning, the children were deeply involved in the learning and creative process. This was because the

3 works of art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

3 works of art - Essay Example The gown looks like the nun uniform and she is lazily enveloped into the reverie or dream about the angel. This is an epitome of the spiritualism that an image can depict. Moreover, the environment that hooks up the angel and St.Teresa looks dreamy, implying the supernatural feeling that the paint is showing. In this paint, Caravaggio is showing a pretty realistic image of St.peter being crucified. He is keen on the posture of the people and the wood used to make the crucifix. It is a paint that shows the crucifixion of St.Peter as he asked people to do. He is crucified upside down as a symbol of not imitating his Lord Jesus Christ. The painting is so real that it shows the cloth that is wrapped around him to conceal his loins, the people lifting the cross and the obscurity of their faces in the shadows. The picture arouses feelings of sadness by looking at the way St.Peter has left his mouth open with his long beard and dully eyes, showing so much pain. The people lifting the crucifix are also showing fatigue since it is clear that they are straining to life the crucifix to its intended right position. This paint is a fascinating image that describes the evolution of the Catholic Church by Peter Paul Rubens. He is so artistic in the painting of women and men in their full physical features laying on each other in various postures. There is also the presence of leopards in shady trying to roar at the infants on the ground. This is a description of the spread of Catholic Churches across the world and the numerous challenges it has faced, behind the leopards, the adults and the infants is a dark blue sky that is not fully clear. It shows the beautiful sky, symbolizing the hope and feasibility of the Catholic Church

Ways of quitting smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ways of quitting smoking - Essay Example year because of smoking related illnesses and cigarettes contain at least 43 cancer-causing chemicals in addition to the poisonous carbon monoxide that’s also inhaled. Every year approximately 46% of regular smokers attempt to quit, with only about 10% being successful in the short term1Research has shown that only 3-5% of smokers are successful using will power alone (Hughes et al, 2004) Smokers have an extremely difficult time to quit cigarettes because of the nicotine contained in the tobacco cigarettes. Nicotine is one of the most addictive substances known to man, and it acts directly on the pleasure centers of the brain by releasing dopamine which causes the individual to feel good, while also reducing anxiety, tension and appetite5.Regular use affects the brains reward system, so that when there is no nicotine, the dopamine levels will fall and withdrawal starts. The main withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation are: These nicotine withdrawal symptoms and not will power are the main reason smokers find it so difficult to quit. Although most symptoms subside within a few days to two weeks, the most troublesome one, the Cravings sometimes can last for years, and that’s is the biggest hurdle. There are many alternatives available to help the smoker quit. The alternatives range from prescription drugs like Zyban (also an antidepressant) and Chantix which is supposed to target the nerve receptors from the effects of nicotine, to â€Å"nicotine replacement therapy† products such as gum, patches or inhalers. Unfortunately these products have had little success in achieving permanent smoking cessation from its users. The other main reason for its lack of success lies directly in the fact that these products provide a very low dose of nicotine administered over a longer period of time ,which is totally opposite to the instant rush of nicotine a smoker feels within 7-10 seconds after inhaling a puff from a tobacco cigarette. So in simple terms,

Signs and Symptoms Essay Example for Free

Signs and Symptoms Essay ~Cough, Unintentional weight loss, Fatigue, Fever, Night Sweats, Chills, Lost of Appetite. â€Å"Treatment† With tuberculosis, you must take antibiotics for at least six to nine months. The exact drugs and length of treatment depend on your age, overall health, possible drug resistance, the form of TB (latent or active) and the infections location in the body. â€Å"Signs of Symptom† Fever, Loss of appetite, Headache, Tiredness and a general feeling of being unwell (malaise), Once the chickenpox rash appears, it goes through three phases, Raised pink or red bumps (papules), which break out over several days, Fluid-filled blisters (vesicles), forming from the raised bumps over about one day before breaking and leaking, Crusts and scabs, which cover the broken blisters and take several more days to heal. â€Å"Treatment† In otherwise healthy children, chickenpox typically requires no medical treatment. Your doctor may prescribe an antihistamine to relieve itching. But for the most part, the disease is allowed to run its course. If youre at high risk of complications For people who have a high risk of complications from chickenpox, doctors sometimes prescribe medications to shorten the duration of the infection and to help reduce the risk of complications. â€Å"SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS† Sudden high fever, Severe headache that isnt easily confused with other types of headache, Stiff neck, Vomiting or nausea with headache, Confusion or difficulty concentrating, Seizures, Sleepiness or difficulty waking up, Sensitivity to light, Lack of interest in drinking and eating, Skin rash in some cases, such as in meningococcal meningitis. â€Å"Treatment† Bed rest Plenty of fluids Over-the-counter pain medications to help reduce fever and relieve body aches â€Å"Signs and Symptoms† Fever, Sore throat, Headache, Vomiting, Fatigue, Back pain or stiffness, Neck pain or stiffness, Pain or stiffness in the arms or legs, Muscle spasms or tenderness, Meningitis â€Å"Treatment† Bed rest, Antibiotics for secondary infections (none for poliovirus), Analgesics for pain, Portable ventilators to assist breathing, moderate exercise (physical therapy) to prevent deformity and loss of muscle function, A nutritious diet. â€Å"Signs and Symptoms† Moderate to severe shaking chills, High fever, Profuse sweating as body temperature falls, Headache, Vomiting, and Diarrhea. â€Å"Treatment† Chloroquine (Aralen) Quinine sulfate (Qualaquin) Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) Mefloquine Combination of atovaquone and proguanil (Malarone) â€Å"Signs and Symptoms† Spasms and stiffness in your jaw muscles, Stiffness of your neck muscles, Difficulty swallowing Stiffness of your abdominal muscles, Painful body spasms lasting for several minutes, typically triggered by minor occurrences, such as a draft, loud noise, physical touch or light, Fever, Sweating, Elevated blood pressure, Rapid heart rate. â€Å"Treatment† Antitoxin. Antibiotics. Vaccine. Sedatives.

Techniques For Providing Water To Arid Regions An Environmental Sciences Essay

Techniques For Providing Water To Arid Regions An Environmental Sciences Essay Introduction About 30% of entire worldwide land area includes populated arid and semi-arid areas. The major obstacle to socio economic development in these areas is Water shortages. The essential ideology for the allocation of water resources are effectiveness, equity, and sustainability, with the endeavor of give the utmost advantage for society, environment and economy, at the same time as to maintain reasonable allocation amid various areas and people. Sustainable economic development in arid and semi-arid areas relies a lot on sustainable water resource management. The lucid allocation of water resources needs a multifaceted balance between demand and supply, in various economic sectors particularly athwart sub-areas in arid and semi-arid climate areas. Regional development planning needs to incorporate economic objectives with issue including historical, technological, and natural resource constraints. Jointly, these factors effect populace distribution, economic structure and prototype of ecology and therefore, the extent of water distributed for these purposes in arid and semi-arid areas. Regional community, economic and ecological dissimilarity necessitate special sustainable development strategies in province of water scarcity. This study assesses the feasibility of different techniques for providing fresh water to arid regions of the world. Background Brisk industrialization, urbanization, and population growth in arid countries are wielding rising pressure on local water authorities and water planners to gratify the emergent urban water demand. Since accessibility of conventional sources of fresh water lacks for drinking use, seawater water desalination, in accumulation to partial groundwater resources, are the chief water supply sources for urban utilization. In last two decades, urban water stress has increased considerably, owing to fast urbanization and industrialization, population growth and development in living standards. Facts and Figures With a soaring average growth rate of over 3.4% the population amplified from around 17.688 million in 1970 to 38.52 million in 1995. It is predicted to get to 81.25 million in 2025. The urban population is anticipated to ascend from 60% in 1995 to over 80% in 2025. Curriculum has been made for improved leakage control in networks of domestic water. They have been also incorporated for wastewater treatment and use again for industrial and irrigation use. Water management-related regulations and laws have been designed, counting those to decrease water demands and losses. Uncontrolled leakages add considerably to shallow water-table formation and contagion of shallow and deep aquifers. The extreme pumping from local aquifers to suit the growing urban water demand consequences in substantial turn down in water levels. This is worsening in groundwater quality. At adequately hefty pumping rates the demand is tried to be fulfilled, leads to stream flow depletion. With a constant increase in urban demand for water and sanitation, confront to suit these demands are rising. To construction more, costly desalination plants would be difficult. The dispute can be resolve with the preliminary part of new and modern legislation and institutional actions. This can also be done by taking on advanced techniques in water-demand reduction, wastewater reuse enhancement and reduction of water production, treatment and distribution costs. Ground Water Pumping through Water privatization   Water privatization  was taken on in 1989 by Margaret Thatchers  government. It privatized ten formerly public regional water and sewerage companies in   Wales  and England   in the course of disinvestment. in chorus the economic regulatory agency  OFWAT  was shaped. The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) was positioned in 1990 to check water safety and quality. Water privatization since then is a controversial issue in England and Wales. A study by the  Public Services International  Research Unit (which is affiliated with trade unions), that opposes privatization in 2001 declared that tariff amplified by 46% in actual terms in the first nine years and investments were reduced Operating profits have doubled (i.e.+142%) in eight years and public health was endangered by cut-offs for non-payment. Privatization helped sign off the industrys  £4.95 billion debt. Privatization columnist disputed in 1997 that infrastructure-mainly sewers-were not adequate. Also, OFWAT was blamed of not evaluating company performance with targets. The critics said that OFWAT has chosen profit over providing a assured level of services. Conversely, a World Bank article disagree that the reforms six years after and before privatization investments were $17b and  £9.3bn respectively which has surely risen after privatization brought about conformity with rigorous drinking water standards Also headed to a higher quality of river water. There are also 16 mostly smaller water only companies in England and Wales that have been privately owned since the 19th century. In  Scotland  and  Northern Ireland  water and sewerage services have remained in public ownership Desalination To turn seawater into drinking water  , the first large-scale desalination plant for domestic and industry use in the UK opened on Wednesday 2 June 2010. Facts and Figures The desalination plants capacities vary from 1000 to 789 864 m3/day. In 1990 and 1997, the world desalinated water production was about 33% for the total domestic and 38% for industrial requirement. By 2025, desalination production is predictable to be around 54% of the total domestic and industrial claim. The RO plants need mechanical energy formed by pumps those work on electricity. About 3.5-9 kWh is necessary to manufacture 1 m3 of desalinated seawater. The energy requirement depends on the salinity level of the water input. Also depends on efficiency of pump and the process design. A single-stage plant of high efficiency level, needs around 4 kWh/m3 and 0.5-2.5 kWh/m3 to produce 1 m3 of reasonable quality water from seawater and salty groundwater. The use of a low-pressure membrane reduces the energy consumption by 25-40%, especially when using low-salinity water. DAMS Dams are made to contain water, stop flooding and produce hydroelectric power. Dams make available a water supply for irrigation, domestic needs and industrial application. Lakes and reservoirs are made since 19thcentury in UK. The most significant resource for building a dam is funding. In the UK, the figure of huge dams grew speedily during the 19th century from around 10 to 175. By 1950, the rate of growth nearly doubled. After 1950, edifice positioned itself at a rate of   5.4 dams per year. the UK today has a sum of 486 dams. In Europe, the totality of dams is rising slowly. The basic reason being that  appropriate sites are becoming less  and environmental concerns  become  growing. Large dams The six biggest reservoirs are positioned in the Volga river system in Russia.   The two largest are Kuybyshevskoye (6450 km2)  and Rybinskoye  (4450 km). Spain (approx. 1200), Turkey (approx. 610), Norway (approx. 364) and the UK (approx. 570) have largest number of reservoirs. Environmental Issues a number of environmental issues are raised by Reservoir construction in both building and completion stages. On closing the dam, the water level in the reservoir rises, resulting in key changes in the area  inundated with the water. Like loss of farmland, flooded settlements and the groundwater table raised. Once the reservoirs are made, two kinds of environmental problems take place: Make the reservoir inappropriate for its purpose. Algae and toxic substances in them make drinking water inappropriate. Evoke ecological weakening of the river system, particularly downstream of these reservoirs. Big dams break off the natural permanence of a river.   Reservoirs  change the  hydrological cycle, thus raising many other ecological consequences like leaving fewer spawning sites for migratory fish. Additionally, reservoirs grasp  suspended matter  mostly sand flowing into them. This decreases the suspended matter weight to  reach downstream and in the end to the sea. Lack of sand at the sea pilots coastal erosion. Conclusion Building dams is very costly and also gives rise to a number of environmental issues as discussed above. Ground water pumping and water privatizing also has risen many questions pertaining to water level and environment concerns vis-à  -vis profit making. The best option which should be taken ahead by government is water Desalination. Though the one time investments are high but the problem of water allocation can be limited with its supplies. Provisions to produce biofuels for the Thames desalination plant have been done, still till they are place energy consumption will remain an issue. Recommendation All the above discussions focus on fulfilling the demand by one method or the other. Still other way is to bring down the domestic and industrial demand. Legislation ought do more work to discontinue leaking pipes and decrease the average water use of customers by fixing more water meters and better promotions activities.

Economic Comparison: Australia and Malawi

Economic Comparison: Australia and Malawi Definition of output levels The amount of goods or services in a given period of time produced by an industry, country or film in the economy we can call it as output levels, whether used or consumed for the production. The national output’ concept in the field of macroeconomics is absolutely necessary. This is not a huge amount of money, but to make a country rich is the national output. Australia Agriculture Australias economy is mainly dominated by agriculture. Australia is the major producer and exporter of agricultural products. Australian agricultural map represents a different area of different crops grown in Australia. It is clearly shown in Figure 1 below. Australia more than four hundred thousand people are involved in the agriculture or the jobs which is related to the agriculture. Australian agriculture increased by about 3% of Australias gross domestic production. Australian agriculture contributed about 80% of export earnings until the 1950s. In spite of the record has declined in recent years because of the economic expansion. Australian agriculture contains extensive variety of crops, dairy, cultivation, viticulture, animal husbandry and fisheries. Australias agricultural takes after reasonable exchange methods and is a part of agricultural trading nations, Cairns Group. Australias agricultural industries have been very low subsidiaries or support from the government, but t hey are stretched out amid uncommon circumstances like dry seasons, saltiness or acridity of soils, and so on. Australias primary agricultural products are utilized for export and domestic utilization. Terms of area and mass value of wheat and sugar cane to the Australian economy is important cereals. In addition, oilseeds, sunflower crops and grain vegetables are widely grown in Australia for human utilization or dairy cattle feed. Australia produces a few cultivation products such as tomatoes, apples, mangoes, oranges, carrots, potatoes, chestnuts and bananas. Wine industry is a booming Australian agriculture, especially Chardonnay, Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon assortments. The rich pastures and great climate of Australia provides adequate supply of dairy products. In addition, Australia trades such as fish, abalone, shrimp and lobster seafood. Figure 1: Agriculture in Australia Map Malawi Agriculture Agriculture is the biggest part of the Malawi economy, helping more than a third of GDP and generates more than 90% of the aggregate export earnings. Malawi has long been reliant on the agricultural segment, both as a leading foreign exchange earner, and for subsistence farming in rural areas. The major exports products such as tobacco, tea and sugar. The agricultural sector includes fisheries and forestry. Tobacco is an immense part of economic and social structures in Malawi. Malawi part in universal tobacco advertises overall, is a constrained one because of the relative little size of this country. This is plainly demonstrated in the table 1 below. Malawi has a vast share of the worldwide burley tobacco market. Burley tobacco is a brilliant tobacco having a high nicotine content and flavour are considered better than numerous different sorts of tobacco. Malawis climate and soil is particularly suitable for the production of burley tobacco. Malawi tobacco crop accounted almost 20% of the worlds burley production because of its high-quality burley, selling a higher price than most other sorts of tobacco. It was accepted, and still is by some tobacco in general, especially in Burley, will assist in the development of Malawi, allowing the rural poor farmers in the production and sale of moderately high esteem crops. Almost the majority of the tobacco produced in Malawi is traded. The greater part of these tobacco exports are obtained by industrialized countries, specifically the United States and European countries. The domestic consumption of tobacco production is less than 2% in Malawi. Country Total Export Earnings Earnings From Tobacco Tobacco Earnings as a % of Total Earnings Argentina 12,235 143 1.2 Brazil 35,965 804 2.2 Malawi 383 293 76.5 Zimbabwe 1,235 450 36.4 Turkey 14,715 309 2.1 India 19,795 163 0.8 Indonesia 33,815 81 0.4 Thailand 32,473 142 0.4 China 84,940 141 0.17 Table 1: Tobacco Exports DEFINITION OF STANDARD OF LIVING Quality of life and the standard of living is the same meaning. Standard of living can be defines as the level of riches, solace, material products and necessities are accessible to a certain financial class in a certain geographic range. For an example, if a person can buy anything he wants means that he is high standard of living, but a low standard of living person who doesn’t have enough water or food to drink and eat. The expectation for everyday life incorporates elements, for example, pay, quality and accessibility of business, class divergence, destitution rate, quality and reasonableness of lodging, hours of work needed to buy necessities, terrible household item, swelling rate, number of excursion days for every year, moderate get to quality social insurance, quality and accessibility of instruction, future, occurrence of malady, expense of merchandise and administrations, foundation, national financial development, monetary and political soundness, political and rel igious opportunity, natural quality, atmosphere and security. Standard of Living in Australia Australia’s standard of living is similarly high compared to other regions of the world, although there are gaps between citizens. Australia also has a group of Aboriginals who have been for throughout the years underestimated by the European pilgrims. This underestimation has prompted a gigantic distinction between the living models of the Europeans and the indigenous tribes. There is additionally a critical divergence in the living benchmarks of the Australian city inhabitants and the rustic tenants. Australia has a standout amongst the most prosperous economies on the planet. This monetary development is additionally overall reflected in the way of life of individuals. Urban communities like Melbourne and Sydney has a diverse and lively way of life. World Bank has recognized Australia as one of the wealthiest nations of the world in 1995. In the year 2006 the GDP is $1 trillion. The development of the economy is around 3.3 % for every year. The Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) of Australia is one of the most noteworthy on the planet. With the high development of Australian economy the nation has kept up a low development rate of swelling and investment. The administration of Australia puts very in the social and wellbeing framework. Australian high living measures and offices are additionally the motivation behind why the nation pulls in such countless every year. The gigantic rate of relocation from different nations of the world has transformed Australia into a blend of different societies. At first it was just the English who had relocated into the nation however after the Second World War the situation changed essentially. Since 1950 there was migration from all over Europe and later Immigration from Asian nations likewise occurred. The developing economy, the simple way of life and inconvenience free migration techniques are the fundamental purposes for this. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development association asserts that in the most recent 15 years the development of expectation for everyday comforts has been wonderful in Australia. Inside a couple of years Australia has surpassed the eight nations and is simply abandoned United States. A country’s standard of living is evaluated mostly by three variables its assets, prosperity of the populace and the quality of life. Australia is the best in health services and educational facilities. The World Health Organization likewise affirms this nation for having a low wrongdoing rate than most parts of world. STANDARD OF LIVING IN MALAWI Not surprisingly all relies on upon where you mean, standard instead in the rustic regions are much the same as in other Southern Africa nations, generally town based, houses produced using nearby materials, mud blocks, and grass tops and so on. Around the local area the lodging is all the more regularly mud block or concrete piece with grass or iron sheeting as tops. Lilongwe the capital is genuinely created however lingering behind the improvement going ahead in other neighbouring nations like Zambia. Malawi is a poor nation regarding pay, numerous individuals live around the destitution line, towns in rustic zones will exist on subsistence cultivating, harvests of cassava, corn and tomatoes makes up a substantial piece of the eating regimen, mice are likewise on the menu in Malawi, and are gotten and sold as delicious snacks. Business cultivating does passageways and tobacco, cotton, peanuts and tea are developed for money crops, principally being sent out to South Africa albeit a significant part of the cotton goes to Egypt. Malawi has a generally poor therapeutic base so the future is additionally low, that coupled with a high HIV rate implies the normal future is around 38-40 years. There is some low level revolutionary action in the northern ranges showing itself a bigger number of as groups attempting to auto jack than all else. Different levels or wrongdoing are generally low, other than the common negligible law violations in some more touristy regions. Malawi is undeveloped has next to no by the method for industry so subsequently has unemployment issues, exacerbating the destitution. Malawi for all its blames is a wonderful nation and exceptionally different from the swamps to the good countries, the high country levels are cooler and have some interesting natural life.

A lEsson Befor dying Essay -- essays research papers

A Lesson Before Dying For my final book review I read the novel A Lesson Before Dying By Ernest J. Gains. The book took place in the 1940 right after the great depression. A society stricken by poverty is depicted early in the book. The atmosphere in the first chapter is leading us into the idea of: how can justice prevail in a society dominated by a single group of people? If this story took place in modern day I believe that question would not be as relevant as it is in the forty’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grant Wiggins, one of the main characters is a teacher at an elementary school, Grant is a very bitter man for being so young, maybe it is because he has known nothing but segregation and racisms his whole life, growing up in Louisiana. Over the course of the novel, he learns to accept responsibility for his own life, for his relations with other people, and for the condition of Southern society. Jefferson is another one of the main characters; Jefferson is a black man who is described as being sensitive and kind of stupid. Jefferson is accused for a murder and faces the death penalty, he becomes very depressed waiting on death row because he feel so worthless in a white dominate world, but Grant befriends him and helps him out before he dies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jefferson is convicted of murder, while in his cell the hears his own lawyer call him a hog, this upsets him very much and he realizes how the white dominate the world and that justice can no...

A Singular Self-Identity Essay -- Multiple Personalities Essays

Self-identity is singular. The belief in this existence of one’s self, presupposes all our experiences of consciousness. We all hold that this identity is ours alone. I speak of my experiences as experienced by me. I would seem to be talking nonsense , if I referred to myself in the plural or spoke of how the multiplicity of ‘me’s’ experienced an event. Although most will submit to the existence of levels of consciousness, we categorize those people who exhibit distinct personalities as non-ordinary. All popular theories of self-identity set about the task of proving a singular self. I will attempt to analyze the currently held theories of self-identity, and consider cases where the singular self-identity of normal individuals is called into questi on. Psychologists seeking to clarify this discussion have researched phenomena concerning the nature of self-identity, and it’s relation with consciousness. Philosophers can attempt to investigate the fund amental assumptions underlying these studies, an d examine their ramifications upon our dogmas of self-identity. To formulate a concept of our idea of self we must consider the uniqueness of our experience, and account for memories of prior experiences. Self-identity is my ownership of a personal, distinct unity of consciousness that is consistent through time. Unity of consciousness is the personal, private, owned, and discrete continuing experience of the self. For example, I believe that I am. I believe that I am, neither in part nor in whole, someone other than whom I perceive that I am, and that this â€Å"I† was the same unity yesterday as today. I also infer that I will be (if I wake from sleep) tomorrow the continuation of the same self. This self that we assume, does not ex... .... Los Altos, CA.: Kaufman, 1983.. Laurence, Jean-Roch, Perry, Campbell & Kihlstron, John. â€Å"‘Hidden Observer’ Phenomena in Hypnosis: An Experimental Creation?† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 44.1 (1993): 163-169.. Sacks, Oliver. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat: and Other Clinical Tales. New York: Harper Perenial, 1985.. Spanos, Nicholas P. â€Å"The Hidden Observer as an Experimental Creation† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 44.1 (1983): 170-176.. Watkins, John G. & Watkins, Helen H. â€Å"†Hypnosis, Multiple Personality, and Ego States† Handbook of States of Consciousness. Eds. Benjamin B Wolman & Montague Ullman. New York: Van Nostrand, 1986.. Wilkes, Kathleen V. â€Å"Fugues, Hypnosis, and Multiple Personalities† Self & Identity: Contemporary Philosophical Issues. Eds. Kolak, Daniel & Martin, Raymond. New York: MacMillan, 1991..

How free were blacks in the north Essay

Blacks weren’t as free as people made them out to be, they still had restrictions. I am writing this to make it clear that blacks weren’t absolutely free in the north; they still had rules and weren’t treated equally. If you look at the years between 1800 and 1860 you will see how free they were freer when they were slaves. In this essay I will be addressing the different kind of rights, such as social freedom, the black church, Political and Judicial rights, and education and jobs. Blacks in the North had freedoms and restrictions some of the restrictions and freedoms in social freedom are discussed below. Charles Mackay stated in his travels, â€Å"We shall not buy nor sell him†. Now this may sound like a good thing, and maybe it is but right after that he stated, â€Å"We shall not associate with him†. The white northerners didn’t want to have anything to do with the black society. He said for the white society to let the black man know his place and keep it. Even though they weren’t being sold and bought they still had rules to follow. They were free enough to not be bought and sold like cattle, but was not free enough to dwell with white northerners and this is why I think it is the most important issue at hand. In this paragraph I chose to address Document D; Black Church. In this document it’s a photograph that shows black people congregating and worshiping at a black church. The church was more than just a place to worship, they ran a literary club, Sunday school, published a newspaper, hosted abolitionist meetings, and provided a refuge for fugitive slaves. The church was like an escape for black people. Although they didn’t have much to work with they made it work. In my opinion that’s what made them free to me. According to the document note, the three services provided by the black church before the civil, to fight for social causes such as voting rights, temperance and abolition. Even if the church was just a barn or shack they made it possible to worship and be religiously free in their own way. I go further into the DBQ packet to address political and judicial rights.

Blue Ocean Strategy Paper Essay

The Blue Ocean Strategy focuses on the three industries that closely touch people’s lives. Areas they looked at were Autos, Computers and Movie and what companies within those fields are doing to managing sustainable profit and growth through the test of time. The creation of a blue ocean strategy places its focus on strategic moves to place their brand in position long past its rise to fame. Rather than focusing on creating a company and battling your competitor’s blue ocean strategy gears to forecasting innovations and products to make oceans of uncontested market space. (W. Kim, 2004) A product strategy that is much a product of managerial action, rather than the creation or invention of new market space but the development and evolution of the products rather than the company. Primary Strategy & Importance The blue ocean strategy takes a look at the host of companies in the thirty plus industries and the key players within them. The process of analyzing and studying the leading and successful players and the unsuccessful and failing competition. Looking for distinct and common differences between the groups, as well as the commonalities to discover the common factors that lead to the successful growth of one and failings of the other. The consistent variable common pattern that shows focusing on competition does not provide for long term successful companies. The common practice is the within the market place the competition style strategy has little advantages to it. (W. Kim, 2004) The irrelevant old school theory that out doing your competitors was not the road to take that leads to profit and success. Placing the value in innovation and creation will lend itself to a new demand and achieve a value that has a largely dominate market with high pay  offs and leave an ocean that separ ates you from the completion. The creation and break out of strategic pricing and targeting the strategy of new demands and thinking of new ideas that competitors are not offering with strategic pricing and low cost you can create a new market that is far beyond the industry and competitors you seek to outdo. Marketing from the point of view of the customer or consumer rather than what planning and research will outdo your competition shows no long term successful models, and the continual innovation and meeting the visionary demands of a new market will leave you as the sole leader of a this variation of new product. Similar Strategic Move Blue ocean strategy shows the critical importance of focusing your strategy not on competition or trying to reinvent the wheel, but innovation and creation of demand that in 20 years will be the trend the need and meet the customer needs that competition (established or not) have failed to see. Important factors of use of the company talent and resources such as cost and general broad customer generic products will satisfy the moment but mostly established players succeed and ride the roller coaster of size and market share. The best example that uses the blue ocean strategy is the Fitness industry and the success of Health Clubs. The gym and fitness industry is a mostly new industry in America and since the 1970’s/1980’s has had more than its fair share of failures as the innovations and offerings mixed with demand were not there. The importance of health and taking care of yourself as well as the eternal trend of looking good was a trend that was gaining strength and today has become a way of life (or you will have no life you will be dead). Gold’s gym which is credited for taking the fitness gym to the level of meeting a way of life in America that has now become a way of life. Insurance companies, doctors, social circles, advertisements, daily activities and stamina, and the demand of your own mother to exercise stay in shape, be healthy is a must. Your insurance companies, your employer, social circles even give discounts, benefits and incentives for those who enroll in gyms and health clubs. Today Gold’s gym has survived the revolving door of new gym clubs that come on the market and leave. Various fitness trends have made things such as cycling, weight lifting, yoga, kick boxing to launch sub-specialty industries who match the services  and demand for health and fitness in huge industry. The estimated revenue of health clubs in the US being $25 Billion dollars a year, and an estimated database of over 48 Million members in America (1/8 of the total US Population) the industry started just thirty to f orty years ago is huge. (Statista.com, 2013) Innovative ways of bring people in to use their facilities and offering of different amenities and services has been the key to what companies will stand the test of time and which will fold. Trying to out price the customers has led to the closure of many successful gyms (in their time) however, not using innovation that would separate them from the competition in terms of staying a head of the curve for demand and trends lead to their closure. Companies that have taken risk such as LA Fitness and 24 Hour Fitness may very well be huge money makers and leaders in the market but take on many elements of those that focused on coverage and competition. Their size may make it difficult for creative new products and services as they have hundreds of clubs in several countries that employ thousands of people that need to be trained and adjusted. Strategy today continues to lend to the success and meet demands and needs of the industry customers want such as multiple locations, low cost, and amenities. Red Ocean Version Pro & Con An alternative red ocean move for the health club industry is Belly’s Total Fitness. A onetime industry leader and attributed for making the health club business a chain group in the US is now all but dissolved and absorbed by larger and constantly redeveloping competitors such as LA Fitness and 24 Hour Fitness. The signature and staple business model may have been both the success and failure of the business. Offering multiple locations within the same network and multi-amenity locations that put them as an up and coming trend that cast a shadow of industry leader Gold’s Gym. The growing health clubs such as LA Fitness, and 24 Hour Fitness observed the success of Belly’s and began to open up locations with similar features, but at lower cost to members and offering the latest and greatest in programs, equipment and services. The blue ocean strategy that LA Fitness and 24 Hour fitness use of reading the trends and demands of members and following the strong national focus of fitness and health has allowed them to consume the once leading and fellow competitors growing their network and member base to  levels never expected. With the industry being so new it’s hard to see if places such as LA Fitness and 24 Hour fitness will last the test of time is a question only time can answer. What I do know is that if they are executing an effective strategy of innovation versus the research and development and focusing on and competitor intelligence will show no advantage for their market share and long term profits. Conclusion The fundamentals of blue ocean strategy rest solely in the creation of value seen by the customer and lower cost while simultaneously differentiating your brand, product or service within industry and rejecting old world style tunnel-vision focus strategy of your competitors. By delivering these important features of blue ocean strategy you create a sustained powerful impact on a distinct market that benefits what would have been your competition and creates blue oceans of new opportunity that spin off into a new existing market that you have all to yourself. References Perreault, W. D. (2011). Basic Marketing: A marketing strategy planning approach (19th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Statista.com. (2013). U.S. Health Club Industry . New York: Ipsos Media, Simmons National Consumer Studies and Consumer Insights from Scarborough Research. W. Kim, R. M. (2004). Blue Ocean Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 10(86), 76-84.

How to lose weight Essay

How to lose weight Girls are dreaming about losing weight all the tlme. They want to be thinner and thinner and thinner. So today,l’m going to talk about losing weight-There are some points of losing weight that you may be Interested In. You may have tried many ways to lose welght,and today I prepare three of the most Important tips about It. First ,you must choose a low carbohydrate diet-Low carb is the most effective way to lose weight. lf you only eat less to lose weight,you will give up soon because of the terrible eeling of hunger. Sugar and starch may increase your hunger, avoiding it may decrease your appetite to an adequate level. A low carb diet reduces your hunger and makes you â€Å"want to† eat less but not â€Å"have to†. A 2012 study also showed that people on a low carb diet burned 300 more calories a day – while resting! Another that I want to share with you is to measure your progress wisely. Focusing only on weight and standing on the scale every day might be misleading, cause unnecessary nxiety and undermine your motivation for no good reason. suggest measuring your waist circumference and weight before starting and then perhaps once a week or once a month. Write the results down so that you can track your progress. If you can, try to check other Important health markers when starting out, like these:Blood pressure,Blood sugar,Cholesterol profile. They’ll usually show that you’re not just losing weight, you’re gaining health too. The last important thing y ou must pay attetion to is that exercising smart. Studies show that if you just start exercising, you’re going to need at least one hour of tough workouts every single day to noticeably lose weight. It’s not a good idea to eat bad food, drink sugar water or be on medications which force you to train for hours daily Just to compensate. You must be more clear now,right? So are you still Jealous of ohthers’ great shape but doing nothing? Dont wait any more,you need to take action Immediately. Follow my tips and you’ll make lt. Wlsh you all have a dream body! That’s all,thankyou.

Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa Essay

The sub-Saharan Africa has been recognized internationally for the poverty which has taken a longer duration. This long duration of poverty in the Sub-Saharan, has been existing as a result of various issues, among which is the low sources of income. The persistence poverty has led to the people poor health status as well as poor living standards among other basic necessities. Various limitations have enhanced a continuous poverty in the world, and to be more specific in Sub-Saharan Africa, and causing problems in trials to help the situation. Among these limitations is critical threshold which involves the financial sources and savings of the Sub-Saharan countries, the dysfunctional institutions, and neighborhood effects, among others. All these limitations equally participate in the persistence poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa lies on the bottom when compared to other continent in terms of wealth, and this has been influenced a lot by the Africa’s low national savings. The national savings are determined by the domestic finance, and the effects of domestic finances have direct impact on national savings. Sub-Saharan Africa has low national savings because of their domestic finance is too little to support a good capital for individual workers in the Sub-Saharan Africa. This is because the workforce is high compared to the savings, thus creating a gap between the amount necessary to sustain the workers and the available amount. This has contributed a lot in the persistence of the poverty, because their has been an increase in the sources of labor, thus distributing the available low capital to the many workers leads to workers getting very little, and this has led also to the depreciation of capital. Efforts to solve this has been made by reducing the number of skilled workers and increasing their capital in terms of salary, but it has not been able to help, because when few people work, it means many people will have no source of capital, thus relying on the small working population, which increases the ratio of dependants and consuming a lot of the capital gained from the salaries, thus leaving nothing to be saved. This shows that the poverty traps can be over jumped in education if various individuals increases scales in cost of education in relating to skills premiums and household income. Poor economy in Sub-Saharan countries has been influenced a lot by the minimal education attainment. According to statistics, the dependant’s ratio in Sub-Saharan Africa is high around 0. 9 dependants per individual worker, with 88 percent of the dependants being young children with the age of less than fifteen years. The labor force growth has also been limited by the HIV and AIDS epidemic which has being continuously affecting the Sub-Saharan Africa, thus lowering the number of the skilled workers in the continent, who are expected to be providing labor for the continent. The low domestic savings has been evidenced by the ratio between Gross national savings and Gross national income, and this was 17% according to 2003 estimate by the World Bank. When these Sub-Saharan Africa countries are compared with the middle low income countries, the Sub Saharan African countries position lies behind all other because their net national savings is low, as a result of depreciation of their fixed capital, due to low investments and lack of replacement of the capital stock, thus continuous aging of the stock which enhances the depreciation of the stock’s value. According to the table below, it is clear that the national savings of Sub-Saharan countries in Africa is small to sustain the net increase in capital stock As a result of the poverty, the people in Sub-Saharan countries have dedicated the small income to the primary basic need, and especially consumption for their survival. This means that these people give consumption a priority, and since nothing is left after consumption, they end up not having anything to save. This explains why it’s hard for the sub-Saharan countries continue being inside the poverty traps. Many people in the Sub-Saharan Africa do not have investment opportunities, bearing in mind that an investment has the ability to create its own savings; this becomes inapplicable to these people because the investments which are expected to create the savings are not available. For example after an interview to a Kenyan, one of the Sub-Saharan citizens, around twenty percent of the Kenyan citizens have a title deed, showing that the remaining eighty percent have no ownership to land. Despite the fact that land is one of the major investment which many industrialized and developed countries account on, in their case, very few people own lands thus they cannot have any savings from land. (Pollin 2002). This means that there are low savings, savings are major sources of loans and sources of starting capital, thus in the case of Sub-Saharan countries, it is very hard to put capital into accumulation, due to lack of starting capital. Unlike the East Asian countries which have low income, the Sub-Saharan countries lack long term investments which can continuously produce new sources of savings and actual savings. Despite the East Asian’s low income, they have long term productive investments which help in sourcing savings, thus promoting both domestic and national savings which eradicates poverty, leaving a minimal need of foreign aids. The Sub-Saharan growth has been varying, thus causing growth instability. Only few of the Sub-Saharan countries had a standard growth rate, lower than the aggregate growth rate of the total countries. This instability has resulted from poor trade within and across the continent, due to lack of trade goods. The Sub-Saharan weather has a role in determining the agricultural output, since many of the countries rely on farming as a major source of income, and the variable weather in the countries has affecting agriculture greatly which has led to growth instability and the chronic poverty. Institutions lack finances they cannot monetize or mobilize domestic savings. As at 2003, the Banking sector credit was seventy three percent when expressed as a ration of GPD, compared to forty three percent in the low income countries. The table below gives the statistics which clearly shows that the productive private investment are rarely financed in Sub-Saharan countries and these investments need to be financed well to ensure that they have a positive impact on both domestic and national savings. Many trials have been made to stop the poverty in the Sub-Saharan Africa, whereby the strategies have always based eradication of poverty on the need for greater ambitions of the affected people, development of growth oriented strategies and a greater accumulation of long term capital. With this then growth can be increased, domestic savings as well as national savings. The trials have being hindered by an ideological mindset monetary policy and restrictive fiscal as these go contrary to the rapid economic growth that is necessary in Africa. This has been as a result of lack of any usable theory on how to promote a process which can sustain itself in relation to capital accumulation. This is because with a source of rapid capital that can be accumulated rapidly, then the Sub-Saharan countries to be able to involve in domestic and national savings as well as financing the private sectors as a result of savings amplification and financial liberalization which can decrease the poverty experienced in these countries. The poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa can be minimized by implementing strategies and policies to ensure that the growth rate in stabilized, ensuring that domestic resources are mobilized in a way that they can accelerate to thus accumulating capital, and balancing the ratio between capital and total output. To achieve this the public investment need to be put into working to ensure that public revenue are increased and to offer loans which maximizes the productive capacity of the economic, with a development which is long term. Tax policy should also ensure that the public revenue is in a rate that can enhance self-sustaining process proper revenue laws. The countries in Sub-Saharan countries are very low compared to industrialized countries, showing the reason for continuous low income and poor growth. The financial policy is necessary in mobilization of domestic savings. The policy ensures that the savings and external private financing are changed into long term investments which can easily and flexibly produce enhancing a continuous domestic and national savings. Monetary policies help in determining and regulating the inflation rates. The low rates are good for economic growth while high rates interfere with the interest of the poor thus limiting economic growth. However to eradicate poverty from the Sub-Saharan Africa, an average rate is more appropriate because very low rate slows the economic development while limiting employment, and very high rates can also have a negative impact on the poor countries economy. The poverty traps in the Sub-Saharan countries can be over jumped if all the above can be done, because a mass investment will definitely increase the Sub-Saharan productivity. (Bauer. 2000). This is because, the productivity will raise the output and this decreases the cost of each unit produced thus this can easily start up a chain which can positively reinforce the investment while reducing the costs. This clearly shows that to overcome poverty in Sub-Saharan countries each individual has to work hard, either individually as groups to ensure that the poverty is eradiated, since poverty never entraps anybody, but with no efforts to work against it, the Sub-Saharan countries can persistently live in it. Hard work is necessary not only to overcome poverty but also to maintain wealth since being lazy encourages poverty trapping. Dysfunctional institutions are developed as a result of the forces from politics and or the social interaction of various people in society or communities. These can entrap the people in the pockets of poverty. In Sub-Saharan countries, the poverty is influenced a lot by these institutions which make inequality in power and wealth. This is because these institution directly shapes the countries economy and since most of these institution in Sub-Saharan Africa have facilitated in the insecurity of the property rights. These institutions include public schools and public goods. The poor property rights in Sub-Saharan countries have led to the low income and subsequent low income, thus persistently poor citizens. These institutions are involved with unequal divisions of products of social activities. Individuals on these countries are expected to adhere to the institutions status, and in most of the population of these individuals they refuse to rely on the status. The institutions enhance self enforcing conventions but it becomes very difficult for the poor people to have a control and to monitor the necessary collective action to shift the population in these countries from the state of inequality to equality. This is the reason why you will see that despite the fact that some countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa are rich in wealth, the amount of savings in the country will not be used to help the poor countries from their worst state, but rather the income will continue to yield more and more for the rich countries. The poor ends up becoming poorer while get richer. On the other hand, some of the institutions in the poor Sub-Saharan Africa have corrupt institutions which are either social or political institution. (De Soto2002.) To sort out the inequality issues, both collective actions are necessary to enhance motivation of every individual in the country against the traps of poverty. This collective action can be motivated using good public institutions, and thus if the Sub-Saharan countries can effectively make use of these institutions, in a collective action of each citizen in the poor countries, then the inequality levels can be minimized and shifted to equality whereby all members can easily over jump the traps of poverty. In Sub-Saharan countries, the better off countries like South Africa and Nigeria among others can help a lot in eradicating the chronic poverty in the region if they can engage in cross countries equality promotion because their income is higher than the other countries thus equality can be achieved by collectively acting against inequality and poverty in general. In Sub-Saharan countries there is high inequality, where by instead of saving, the income wealth is wastefully consumed. Some countries also in the Sub-Saharan Africa are major net creditors, besides being heavily indebted. Boyce and Ndikumana 2000). The government of the country acts as a net debtor with the country being net creditor, meaning that some of these country end up investing their wealth outside the continent, thus not taking any role in eradicating of poverty in their own continent, but leading other countries in the continent to more and worse poverty status. An example to clarify this is dated back between the year 1970 and 1996, when a cumulative capital flight of around twenty five of Sub-Saharan countries was US$28. billion which was 1. 6 the continents total stock of external debts The social customs have played a role in the persistent of the poverty in Sub-Saharan countries. This is because the social customs are set by the society for every individual in the society to follow, without questioning. This means that despite the fact that a certain custom in the country can have an impact in the poverty persistence; all individual ought to without failure. This has encouraged poverty persistence giving no room to eradicate poverty. If anybody tends to deviate from the custom to enhance generation of income, he or she might never get the freedom to be in the society or to relate with other people in the society, and in many cases, the people who go against the social customs are regarded as outcasts in the society. This is usually associated with many disadvantages in the society, thus many people will prefer moving as per the custom for their safety. These traditional institutions have effects in the market place of many Sub-Saharan countries, and this has facilitated the persistent poverty in the region. The Neighborhood effects limit the poverty eradication in Sub-Saharan Africa. These effects include the aspirations role models or the network within various families and communities in the country. (Lal 2002). This is because the Sub-Saharan countries cost various individuals who differ in terms of social economic environment, thus various beliefs and preferences. Various social economic groups have different influence and this leads to various outcomes. Persistent inequality continuous to exist as a result of role model influence peer effect and other group related factors. Bauer 2000). When various groups of children grow up in any society, they usually grow up getting aspiration from their role models either in education or development. However in cases where there are no role models who exist in the neighborhood then the developing generation develops up with poor aspiration and for example there is a lack of role model in business and economics, then the developing generation e nd to have poor market, and labor aspirations, and this definitely causes poor income sources as well as poor labor production thus poverty. The poor aspirations are then transmitted to subsequent generation, causing persistent poverty in the region. The cycle gets repeat on and on because these children grow to form new neighborhood with each generation and this explains why the poverty becomes persistent. Groups influences determines individual outcome, various policies need to be established to ensure that charters are developed as well as magnet schools. These policies should be incorporated into public policies in order to enhance opportunity equality concentrated poverty undermines the community’s processes, thus explaining the reasons why poverty continuously get reproduced in a society. Poverty traps thus are the results of various factors such as economy production scales, political and economic institutions whose work is poor, the incomplete financial markets and the social customs. Due to the factors complexity and diversity, it’s thus hard to policy which can work against the chronic poverty. To help this various policies are to be involved, though designing them becomes a challenge. Various conventional methods have been used to measure the poverty traps. These models include: growth model, where we have the Solow model and AK model. The growth accounting in these models is not accurate, and the National income accounts data over estimates the Africa’s actual savings. Despite the fact that low technology and low savings have led to low levels of development, the conventional models used to determine this are neither accurate, nor consistent. It therefore means that despite the fact that various individuals may put a lot of effort to ensure that they are out of the poverty traps, a lot holds them back, thus they cannot individually jump over these traps, unless they collectively unite and act. This becomes a challenge since other factors within the countries and communities blocks the individuals.

Leaf lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leaf - Lab Report Example Leaves in plants, are the photosynthetic sites. They absorb the requirements for photosynthesis among them sunlight. Since light is a key requirement for photosynthesis, plant leaves will tend to trap more or maximum sunlight they can access (Collinveaux, 1986). As such, most plants with develop leaf modification depending on their habitat and ecological niche hence broad, narrow and spiky leaves appear to various plants in various habitats. The oak leaves are not any different and so will portray different surface areas and sinus for those in shade and sun. In this experiment, graph paper, Glant press and weighing machine with an accuracy of 0.1g were used. Leaf samples were obtained from the Oak plant with emphasis laid on the relative position of each leaf. Thus 45 leaves were picked from the shade while another 45 from the light. Using the graph, the leaf surface areas were obtained and with the Glant press, polygon was traced on each leaf to determine the sinusoidal surface of each leaf. The procedure was repeated for each leaf and enough data obtained for analysis using computer software for the t-test. From the experimental results, it is established that sun leaves are narrow while shade leaves are wide. However, the sun leaves are thicker than the shade leaves based on the average sinuosity. This, points to the general requirement of light by the two types of leaves. Consequently, the results of this experiment confirm the hypothesis that leaves in the dark will grow larger and thinner to facilitate trapping and absorption of maximum sunlight (Horn,